Attila the Hun †Short Story Essay

Why were the military campaigns of Attila the Hun successful? Attila’s military success will be explained through his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext whenever the Romans were vulnerable. His motives behind each war was to abstract as much money from the Romans as possible. Also to be explored will be his ability to assert psychological domination over the Eastern Emperor at a time when the two Empires were at peace. Furthermore to be examined will be his ability to portray himself as diplomatic through treaties and embassy consultations between the Romans and the Huns. Also to be looked at will be how successful was Attila’s at creating and seizing opportunities This will be done by looking at Attila’s campaigns in the east and west Roman Empires. After the death of their Uncle Rua 435/6, Attila and his brother Bleda took control of the Hunnic Empire. The two brothers decided to renegotiate the relationship that existed between their Uncle Rua an d the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The Treaty set up by Rua, stipulated that, the Romans paid him an annual subsidy of 350 lbs of gold. He also demanded fugitives who had fled to the Romans and threatened war if they were not returned. The negotiations took place near the city of Margus in 438. According to Priscus the meeting took place according to both parties’ customs. The Huns would hear what the Romans had to say while mounted on horseback while the Romans discussed the meeting on foot. The Huns dictated the new terms of the treaty, referred to as the Peace of Margus. The Huns decided the annual subsidy was to be raised to the sum of 700lbs. The treaty also fixed that for every Roman captive who had escaped from the barbarians, the Romans must pay eight pieces of gold. The treaty also predetermined that all fugitives must be returned to the Huns. Furthermore the emperor Theodosius was to relinquish any ongoing treaties with enemies of the Huns. Moreover the Huns were to conduct the way the free markets on the northern side of the Danube were controlled. Attila used the markets as a pretext to wage war on the east. The free markets were attacked by Hunnic traders in 441/2 killing Roman merchants during the raid. Theodosius complained that the Huns had violated the â€Å"Peace of Margus†. The Huns reported to the Romans that the Bishop of Margus had crossed over to their territory and robbed their royal tombs. They complained that the Romans had not honoured the Peace of Margus by refusing to return fugitives to them. Additionally, they demanded the Bishop be handed over as well. The significance of these allegations was central to the Huns plan for an attack during the campaigning season. The Romans refused both claims and war was declared. Having successfully provoked the Eastern Romans into a war had been a strategic move by the Hunnic leader. Attila knew the eastern Roman field forces were based in Sicily on a joint expedition with the Western Empire to recapture Carthage from the Vandals led by king Geseric. The North African campaign was partially why Theodosius readily agreed to the treaty of Margus. He thought it would give the east breathing space. Moreover Carthage was crucial to the Western Empire as it provided Rome with grain. Knowing that the east was vulnerable, the Huns would cause carnage throughout the Balkans. Margus was a key city that opened up the Balkans for the Hunnic invasion of the east. The Bishop of Margus defected to the Huns. In return for clemency he handed over the Episcopal city. The Huns swept through the Balkans raising cities to the ground. The key fortified city of Naissus was besieged and taken. Priscus gives an account of the siege. He states â€Å"†¦a large number of [Hunnic siege] engines had been brought up to the wall†¦the so called rams were brought up also†¦A beam is suspended by slack chains†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . However, Professor E.A Thompson disputes that the siege occurred and that Priscus borrows heavily on Thucydides’ account of the Battle at Plataea. Professor Thompson states four reasons to argue his point, among them the Huns inept ability to construct such machines and also it is unlikely that the Hunnic archers, who rarely dismounted, would on this occasion have left their horses for a totally alien form of warfare. On the other hand, they may have been quite capable of such construction for it is well documented they had enslaved many tradesmen. As for example in the bath which was made for the Hunnic noble Onegesius by a craftsman who was captured at Sirmium. Nevertheless the Huns ransacked and pillaged the Balkans taking fortified cities along the way such as Viminacium, Illy ricum and defeated the Roman army at Chersonese. According to Brian Croke, In 441 the Huns invaded Illyricum only and in 442 broke into northern Thrace . The Romans sued for peace and the Treaty of Anatolius was agreed. Attila terms demanded that the annual tribute be tripled to 2,100 pounds of gold. He also compelled the Romans to surrender all Hun deserters and to ransom their own deserters at a rate of twelve solidi each. The treaty, however, contained one provision that had no precedent. Attila forced the Romans to make an immediate payment of 6,000 pounds of gold. Attila’s plan to force a war to bring about higher subsidies had worked. He would devastate the Balkans for a second time in 447 when he came looking for subsidies that were in arrears. When Atillas second campaign of the Balkans began in 447 he was sole leader of the Huns after having his brother Bleda killed in 445/6. A year later an embassy was sent by Attila to the Imperial court to address the issue of arrears and fugitives. The Romans were now feeling in a stronger position. They had introduced a new law in 443 which insured Military readiness for the Eastern Field forces. They had been strengthened by a recruitment of a large number of Isaurians – traditionally bandits- from the highlands of Cilicia in south-west Asia Minor. Moreover the Eastern army had been forced to return from Sicily after Attila’s first campaign. Attila turned as far south to Thermopylae and then west, ransacking Marcianople, Arcadiopolis, and Callipolis. An earthquake at Constantinople had occurred, Attila decided to turn back. The Imperial City was heavily fortified with triple walls that had been repaired hastily after the earthquake. The legislated Military Readiness law was of little use to the Romans as Attila wreaked havoc on an unprecedented scale. The results were the same as the first campaign, the Romans sued for peace and the second treaty of Anatolius was agreed. More subsides was agreed and a large track of land to act as a buffer zone between the Huns and the Romans was approved. Attila had succeeded at luring the Eastern Empire into war on a pretext to extort more subsidies. He was also adept at asserting his psychological domination, by humiliating the Eastern Emperor Theodosius at Constantinople. Theodosius was humiliated in 449 when his Eunuch Chrysaphius hatched a plot to assassinate Attila. The Plot was unbeknown to the Roman ambassador Maximinus, and his escort Priscus. They were sent to Attila’s camp to discuss issues in the treaty such as the ongoing fugitives case and the issue of the land used as a buffer zone. To give a picture of the devastation Attila caused in the Balkans. Prisucus relates how when travelling to Attila’s court in 449 they stopped at Naissus to pitch tent, he states how the pl ace was littered with bones from Attila’s first campaign. Attila’s refusal to meet the missionaries irritated Maximinus and Priscus. He ordered them to leave then ordered them to stay. Maximinus and Priscus were at a loss to Attila’s behaviour. Maximinus was frustrated and urged Priscus to arrange a meeting with Attila. Priscus succeeded by offering gifts to Onegesius’ brother Scottas to secure them a meeting with Attila. The two missionaries were shocked when it was revealed to them by Attila’s men the purpose of their mission. After nothing left to stay for they departed home despaired. They met their interpreter Bigilas travelling back to Attila’s court whom he had dismissed earlier. When they had initially left Constantinople, Chrysaphius had persuaded Edeco to kill Attila. Edeco had arrived in Constantinople the previous spring as a Hunnic ambassador and was now returning to Attila’s camp along with Maximinus and Priscus. Edeco a faithful and trustful servant to Attila had revealed the details at once. When Bigilas arrived he was immediately set upon by Attila’s men a nd a bag with 50lbs of gold was found in his possession. It was the reward money to Edeco if he had succeeded in killing Attila. Bigilas’ son was threatened with death if he did not come back with another 50lbs of gold. Attila sent his Roman secretary Orestes as a Hunnic ambassador to Constantinople with the empty bag around his neck. His instructions were to ask Theodosius if he recognised the bag. Priscus gives a clear account of the humiliation when he states â€Å"Eslas was to say directly that Theodosius was the son of a nobly born father, and Attila too was off noble descent†¦whereas Attila had preserved his noble linage, Theodosius had fallen from his and was Attila’s slave bound to the payment of tribute†. Attila had succeeded at psychologically humiliating Theodosius. Furthermore, as the interpreter returned with the 50lb of gold to free his son, Attila had gained more subsidies in the form of 100lbs gold even though the two sides were at peace. Priscus observed an interesting point at Attila’s cou rt. He noticed Attila was asking western ambassadors to hand over a silver plate dealer who resided in Rome, named Silvanus. Attila claimed Silvanus had stolen gold vessels from him. Silvanus maintained he had bought the vessels from Attila’s secretary Constantius. Attila had Constantius crucified and called for the surrender of the Silvanus. The Roman General Aetius refused Attila’s demand. Aetius declared that Silvanus was Constantius’ creditor, despite the fact that he did offer to pay for the price of the vessels he would not hand over the innocent Silvanus. Attila had got his pretext to wage war in the west. Moreover in c.450 a Frankish succession crisis brought about a situation where one claimant appealed to the Huns and the other to the Vatican. In 451 Attila left the Hungarian plains and turned westwards to Gaul. The Hunnic invasion of Gaul was accompanied by allies such as the Rugian, Gepid, Burgundian, Scirian, Thuringian and Franks. They initially swept away defenceless cities such as Metz and Constantine’s’ old Imperial city at Trier. At the city of Orleans they met heavy resistance from the Alans who were in the service of the Romans. Aetius and Theodoric along with several other mercenary tribes manage to lure Attila away from Orleans. The following month was the Battle of Chalons on the Catalaunian fields. The battle of Catulaunian Fields is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the western world. Attila’s army was defeated by Aetius who represented the incapable Western Emperor Valentinian. Both sides suffered heavy losses, the Gothic king Theodoric had been killed in the battle. Aetius advised Theodoric’s’ son Thorismud to return home to defend his claim to the throne, as a result disabling Aetius’ pursuit of the battle against the Hunnic alliance. Attila retreated back to the Hungarian plains to plan his next move. Within a year the Huns were on the move again. The Western Emperor Valentinian’ sister Honoria had been caught having an affair and was bethrothed to another man named Herculanus. She sent her eunuch Hyacinthus to Attila before he entered Gaul offering herself as his wife and half the western Empire as her dowry. She had sent her ring as proof of her commitment. Attila waged war on Italy in 452 on the pretext he was entitled to half the Western Empire. Attila pillaged the wealthiest cities in northern Italy most notably Aquileia and Milan. When he was marching towards Rome papal legend claims Pope Leo persuaded him to abandon his plan and not to attack Rome. More practical issues would be his incompetence in preparing a supply line of food for his huge army. It could also be said the army was suffering from breakouts of various diseases. Furthermore an Eastern Roman General also named Aetius had invaded Attila’s kingdom. Nonetheless, Attila decided to return home to his vast Empire north of the Danube where he died the following year on his wedding night. The Huns had been inadvertently responsible for creating the instability the Western Empire now faced. Attila’s predecessors had forced, Germanic, Alans, Suevi and other tribes into the Empire for sanctuary. In 376 the Romans were beseeched by Goths north of the Danube to be admitted into the Empire who had been retreating under Hunnic Pressure. They had been driven from their lands by the Huns and were now crossing the Danube to reach the Empire. When the Goths were admitted into the Empire during the late fourth century, the authorities gave them food and land to cultivate. The Eastern Emperor Valens viewed them as foedearti and more taxes; this would benefit the army and treasury alike. Moreover the rich landowners would benefit from their labourer. Too many refugees came across for the Romans to count, but it may possibly have been in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Many were dispersed to whether they were needed to stop them becoming a threat to the Empire. The displacement of the Goths by the Huns and acceptance by Emperor Valens is often viewed as the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. The invitation quickly turned to attempted invasion when the Romans in the east suffered their worst defeat in 600 years at the battle of Adrianople in 378. The Goths led by king Fritergen killed the emperor Valens; not until the ninth century would another emperor die in battle. They slaughtered two thirds of the Eastern Roman army. It was a self inflicted wound, near crippling the east. If the Goths had been treated better in the east, they may have helped the Romans face the Hunnic hordes already closing in from the Steppes. Furthermore slightly more than three decades later the Visigoths led by Alaric would sack Rome in 410. These two conquests in the east and west is evident the once mighty Roman Empires glory days were almost at an end. By the time the Huns had turned west from the Hungarian plains into Gaul, the west was already a weakened Empire through lose of land, taxes and military power. By the time of Attila’s arrival the Western Empire was dominated by barbarian tribes. Germanic forces had fought and weakened the empire in northern Gaul. Consequently it seems to have become a patchwork of territories ruled by unrecognised chiefs, leaders whose authority was based upon Roman titles, and barbarian warlords. The tribes were dominant enough to conduct their own foreign policy and more importantly, alliances, without Roman approval. For example Theodoric married his one of his daughters to the heir of the Vandal throne and another to the Suevic king. In Gaul 406, 408, and 411, the Romans had fought among themselves and suffered heavy losses. Supported by the Huns in 425 they suffered further losses at the hands of the Vandals. In 439 Aetius was fighting the Goths in Gaul in and restoring order against local rebels named by Romans as Bagaudae at Aremorica. Geseric took advantage and took Carthage by surprise. Due to the manpower crisis the Empire could not afford to fight on two fronts. To protect Carthage, Aetius had to make peace with the Gothic king Theodoric to free himself in order to fight the Vandals. Aetius had increasingly become heavily depended upon recruiting barbarian allies outside the Empire.. Attila made unsuccessful attempts to extract wealth from the west. Attila’s campaigns can be measured as successful through his tactics, his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext. He tended to act diplomatic by negotiating treaties then he would dishonour his own treaty and blame the Romans, Attila repeatedly used the issue â€Å"fugitives† as a case to wage war. Attila’s success can be measured on his achievements through the raising of subsides with each treaty. Attila achieved what he had set out to do from the start and that was to get as much money from the Romans as possible. Attila never wanted to conquer Constantinople or Rome. He wanted to extract as much subsides as he could. The Eastern Empire collected taxes from Egypt to Asia Minor and the Huns had no navy to uphold this lucrative adventure. It was easier for them to collect of the Romans. His successful campaigns were planned strategically. His campaigns can be measured by breaking up an important joint East-West enterprise to save Carthage. This is also the case in the west. He knew it was in a factional position and politically unstable. It was an opportunity Attila Seized upon. Attila campaigns were thought out in advance and sometimes long before the enemy realised. Attila could also be tactful; evident to this was shown hen Attila humiliated Theodosius. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443. in The American Journal of Philology, Vol. XCV11, No. 2 (1976), p.178 [ 2 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 [ 3 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire: A new history of Rome and the barbarians (USA, 2006), p.301 [ 4 ]. E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire – Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3917-3922). . Kindle Edition. [ 5 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.301 [ 6 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 [ 7 ]. E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire – Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3998-4001). . Kindle Edition. [ 8 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443, p.178 [ 9 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 [ 10 ]. R. Blockley, â€Å"Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea†. in Phoenix, Vol. XXV1, No. 1 (1972), p.25 [ 11 ]. R. Blockley, â€Å"Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea†, p.25 [ 12 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 [ 13 ]. B.Croke, The Context and Date of Priscus Fragment 6. Classical Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 297-308 [ 14 ]. W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 [ 15 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 [ 16 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 [ 17 ]. Medieval Sourcebook, â€Å"Priscus at the court of Attila† (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) [ 18 ]. Medieval Sourcebook, â€Å"Priscus at the court of Attila† (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) [ 19 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 [ 20 ]. Medieval Sourcebook, â€Å"Priscus at the court of Attila† (http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) [ 21 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568 (UK, 2007), p.250 [ 22 ]. P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 [ 23 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.253 [ 24 ]. E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, p.16 [ 25 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 [ 26 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 [ 27 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568, p.254 [ 28 ]. P. Heather. The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in The English Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 435 (Feb., 1995), p.11 [ 29 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided 400-700 (UK, 2001), p12 [ 30 ]. E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians: The decline of the Western Empire (USA, 1982), p.16 [ 31 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.12 [ 32 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.62 [ 33 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.243 [ 34 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.247 [ 35 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.245 [ 36 ]. G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.254 [ 37 ]. J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.53

How does the author make Lennie a sympathetic character? Essay

In â€Å"OF MICE AND MEN† John Steinback makes Lennie a sympathetic character by the way he is described as in physique and also in means of mentality. Lennie is also described by the author in the way the other characters in the story describe him. His act of speech and his actions is also provided in the story. Lennie’s attitude and actions are not the same towards all the characters in the story. He gets along well with some of the characters in the story and with some he doesn’t. The fact that is really strange is that, his physique doesn’t match his mentality. The time at which this book was written, USA was going under The Depression. At which during this time many people were left unemployed. Most of the people who worked in the ranches at that time were all surviving and had just enough food to feed themselves. They were given very low wages and had to work in very bad conditions. People usually traveled miles together to find a job as they never had a fixed contract. Since all this used to happen in the late 1930’s, people would walk across the country in order to find a job and many a times they would get robbed as the majority of them traveled solo. But here, George and Lennie are an exception. Throughout the story, all the characters are alone except for George and Lennie, as I mentioned above earlier in the passage. During this depression people were hopeless as there was no unemployment money and there was no money paid by the government to those who were unemployed. At that time, the wanting to have a job was so desperate that the people would rob you or kill you inorder to take the job. In many cases they would also use your name for having the job making the person incharge think that it is the person who had sent a letter to them asking for a job. In â€Å"Of Mice And Men†, Lennie has been described by John Steinbeck as a very simple character who indulges innocence of a small boy without him realising it. He is not what he seems to be, in other words we can say that his physique does not match his personality. In comparison to George, Lennie is big, heavy, strong and not intelligent. He is described as any other ordinary person working in the farm. Many a times he doesn’t tend to kill animals whom he takes care of because he thinks that he is petting it. A perfect example is when he is petting the pup and he accidentally kills it. He hides it and tells George that his intention was to take care of it. This tells us that he loves animals and he himself doesn’t know how much harm he is doing to the animal because he doesn’t know how strong he is. He often acts like a kid because usually a small kid gives respect to an elder person who acts properly with him and treats him in a nice way. From the characters from the story, Lennie is recognised as a type of person who has a very low understanding power but person who is very strong in terms of physical matters. He doesn’t get along well with all the characters in the story. The only ones he gets along well are the ones who are good to them. Lennie is often known to be as a kid because most of his actions are quite childish and he isn’t responsible as a man of his age is supposed to be. This can be proved because George takes care of Lennie’s work card. He has to be incharge and give him his meals during the right times like a mother should do for her child. Another thing what proves this is that, Lennie is told off by George not to drink in the dirty water. This fact tells us that Lennie doesn’t know the difference between right and wrong. When George takes the dead mouse from Lennie’s hand, he starts to cry. He doesn’t get along very well with Curley and his wife because the very moment he came to the Ranch, Curley hated him. Before Curley attacked him, Curley didn’t know how strong he was and it was only after Lennie squeezed his hand he knew his strength. He had the wrong impression of Lennie. This tells us that Lennie always wanted to look for fights and get other people into trouble. After the fight we don’t see any more of Curley until the last part when he wants to kill Lennie after his death of his wife. From the first part of the story when the author gives us the physical description of Lennie, we could say that George was a man of low understanding power and Lennie was the man which was the opposite of George. We can prove this because John Steinbeck says that â€Å"the way a bear drags his paws†. This gives us the first impression that Lennie is a huge man. Also the author doesn’t mention who is who in the when he gives the description of both the characters. Whenever in the story when Lennie makes George angry, he is upset like a kid because always wants to make his elders happy. Lennie totally depends on George because he knows that he can’t do anything alone and he needs George to be with him. This can be proved in the line â€Å"†¦somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself†. In this line George tells us that if Lennie was on his own, he would be shot by the owner for whom he worked for. Nobody would accept him due to his stupidity and lack of understanding. He often tends to over and over again and sometimes forgets to what he is told before. George tells Lennie between the difference right and wrong because † Curley says he’s keepin’ that hand soft for his wife†. It tells us that he doesn’t know what it means. George tries to tell and make Lennie understand that Curley’s wife is a seductive type of woman and he should try to keep away from her.Curley’s wife is a seductive type of woman and he should try to keep away from her because she could get him into trouble. From first itself when George sees Curley’s wife he says â€Å"she’s got the eye†. He tells Lennie that she tries to flirt with Carlson and Slim. Lennie is only left alone once in the ranch when George goes out with his people of work. He is told by George to stay away from her. After he is told that, whenever Curley’s wife tries to speak to her he tells her directly that he is not supposed to speak to her. Lennie is forced by George not to speak in the beginning part of the story when they go to the ranch to get a job. He fears that Lennie will say something stupid and show how dumb he is and this might cause them to loose their job. To prove this he says this in the exact words â€Å"I’ll give him the work tickets, but you ain’t gonna say a word. You jus’ stand there and don’t say nothing†. Lennie often tends to forget what he did in the past. The way he speaks is ungrammatical and moreover like a lower class type of dialogue. They use a colloquial way to speak with eachother and Lennie many a times repeats the sentences again and again.

Article In Business Example

Article In Business Ryanair warns fares will rise This article published in The Guardian discusses about Ryanair’s warning to shoot its fare up in the near future. Thisrise in fare would have to be made to meet the company’s targets. All such measures are been taken by the company to increase its profits in the upcoming years. This sudden move to increase the fares and profit is because the company posted an approximate loss of â‚ ¬11 million in the third quarter of 2010. Although the company has been a successful airline service provider recognized as one of the best in the world, it has recently been criticized by some critics along with some of its customers. The basic reason for Ryanair’s success was their ability to cope with their costs which they offered to their customers in the form of low fares, such fares were really low when compared to other airline service providers. Ryanair’s great tendency to innovate always led them to reduce their costs and increase the q uality of their service. Innovation had always been a main factor that led Ryanair to open new dimensions in the airline industry. The strategy followed by Ryanair to reduce their costs was to have low emission aircrafts such as Boeing 737; these aircrafts were also fuel efficient hence they helped Ryanair to have better control over their fuel costs even in the era when fuel costs increased drastically. Such better quality and low cost led Ryanair to be pronounced as the most profitable airline in the world by an Air Transport World Magazine. The article discussed that the company had good prospect as one of its competitors, Germany’s Blue Wings, had left the market and had created a greater scope for Ryanair to capture a much larger market share in the upcoming future. Although according to the company’s Chief Financial Officer, the company might increase its fares in the future, Michael O’Leary, the chief executive of Ryanair was of the view that the company would heavily focus on cutting its costs much more. Besides this statement, he also pointed towards the better and productive performance of the company and increased gain in the market share of the company in area such as Spain, Scandinavia, etc. Because of this news, there was a sudden rise of 5 % in the company’s share in the Dublin market. This article lead to an increase in the share price for Ryanair but this can also signal alarms for its customers as there may be some rise in the fares charged by the company. The positive thing derived from this article would be to favor the shareholders of the company, who would enjoy better profits in the following years to come. References Ryanair warns fares will rise, Katie Allen, guardian.co.uk, 2010 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/01/ryanair-fares-rise

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Rewiring in higher education - Essay Example Globalized education has moved forward 100%. This constant growing and advancements have made it mandatory for colleges and universities to have to rewire and fit the changing needs. Professors now have to adapt to new classrooms. These classrooms are virtual and require a different approach to learning. This approach is also known as distance learning. Teachers are now able to teach to students in an online setting. Teachers now must set up new curriculums that are able to be learned online. This globalized learning is highly accepted by teachers because the students are able to access more forms of education.There are problems that come from globalized learning. There are issues with plagiarism and cheating. In a traditional classroom setting, students are able to be physically seen by the professors to ensure it is actually them doing the work. In a changing education environment, it is harder for professors to know students are doing the work without actually seeing them do the w ork. This change makes the work of the professors harder than before. In globalized colleges and universities, the professor has to get to know the student without actually seeing them. Professors are required to learn each students writing style and get to know the student through writing. Since the start of distance education, professors are aware when a student is cheating. Universities have developed programs that search for plagiarism. Programs have been developed that are similar to â€Å"authenticate†.â€Å"ithenticate†. (Judson2004). The programs match words and phrases to a database of processed words and phrases. If the words and phrases match up then the professor can look over both of the materials and decide whether or not the paper has been plagiarized. Techniques like this are a must for colleges and universities to meet the needs of students. Colleges and Universities have set up online libraries. The online libraries assist the student in obtaining inf ormation from all around the world. The information in the online libraries

Serving size of carrots and snap peas(presentation) Assignment

Serving size of carrots and snap peas(presentation) - Assignment Example Nutrition experts have come up with a recommended serving size of both carrots and pretzels which we are advised to adhere to. For carrots, we should at least consume half a cup of cooked carrot sticks, which translates to about 75g (100–350kJ). This is the recommended serving size of carrots that we ought to consume. Pretzels on the other hand are not essential and ought to be served in small quantities. Nutrition experts recommend that we should consume it once in three days and avoid addition of honey and other sugary products. Pretzels serving size is 20 minis which is 30g and contains 110 calories. Meaning we ought to consume more of carrots than pretzels in order to maintain good dietary practices. Snap peas is another example of a highly nutritious food, doctors advocate that we ought to take them in large quantities. Personally I am big fan of snap peas because of their sweet taste. Snap peas contain little concentration of cholesterol, sodium and fats. In addition it is rich in Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Magnesium, Phosphorus and Potassium. Besides, I would recommend you to increase the consumption of snap peas because they are rich in fiber which is vital for the body. Its serving size is half a cup of cooked snap peas which is 80g translates to 60 calories. Unlike snap peas, chips fall under junk food and have varied adverse effects on our health. For instance, they contain too much calories and cholesterol. Junk food has been identified globally as a source of bad cholesterol which causes complications such as heart disease and stroke. My advice to you is to reduce or avoid the consumption of chips to avoid bad cholesterol and the risks associated with

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law Assignment

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law - Assignment Example The conflict between the personal opinion of judges and the legal provisions of the law has been in existence for years, and this conflict has resulted in the determination of cases in a manner that does not reflect the legal provisions. However, under the case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22, the supremacy of the law as the principle that guides courts in determining cases was cemented. This is because; in both the High Court and the courts of appeal, the judges held that the merit of the case Broderip v. Salomon [1985] 2 simply warranted the consideration of Salomon Ltd as an ‘alias’, thus allowing for the treatment of Salomon Ltd and Mr. Aron Salomon as one and the same thing (Rickett, 1998:16). Therefore, the High Court and the Court of Appeal ruled that Mr. Aron Salomon was responsible for paying the debts incurred by Salomon Ltd. However, the House of Lords unanimously overturned the ruling, by holding that the opinions and personal perspectives of the judges were subordinate to the provisions of the law, and the provisions of the law under Companies Act (1862) had provided that a company could be incorporated for as long as it had seven members, regardless of whether the members contributed to the company in any substantial way or whether they were just mere individuals enlisted as part of the company ownership (Sealy, 2010:36). Thus, the relevance of the case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 in company law is that it cemented the position of law as the principle reference for which the courts should base their judgments, while placing the opinion and fair judgment of the juries subordinate to the principle of the law. This is considering the fact that judge Vaughan Williams J. of the High Court had applied his opinion in ruling the case Broderip v. Salomon [1985] 2, whereby he opined that as opposed to the application of the legal provisions of Companies Act 1862 in the case, it was a bit more

United States and the International Criminal Court Research Paper

United States and the International Criminal Court - Research Paper Example Introduction The international criminal court is the first permanent, external body of judiciary capable of prosecuting international cases and providing compensation to humanitarian case, (Khin, 2009). The purpose of international criminal court is to prosecute grave felonies against humanity irrespective of their perpetuators and judge suspects for intensive infringement of human rights, including those crimes executed during military struggles. Discussion International criminal court’s goals The key objective of international criminal court is to bring to justice and hold responsible the perpetrators of serious felonies against humankind such as felonies against civilians, genocide and grave war conflicts, (Lizardo, 2008). International Criminal Court aims to foster peace and fairness. The fundamental objective of the UN is to ensure universal honor of human rights and essential freedoms for people all over the world. In this perspective, few issues are of prodigious significance than the struggle against impunity and the fight for fairness and peace and people’s rights in disputed environment of the modern world. The creation of International Criminal Court is viewed as an imperative step forward, (Morris & Duke University, 2001). The ICC is labeled the missing link of the international lawful system to attain justice for humankind. The ICC addresses only issues among nations, not individuals. Without ICC for redressing individual responsibility as a strategy for enforcement, certain acts of grave human rights infringements and genocide will go scot-free. ICC aim at countering impunity and halting disputes. In conditions like those involving tribal conflict, violence calls for more violence, for instance one slaughter begets another slaughter. The surety that some war crime instigators can be judged in justice courts serves as a warning and increases the possibility of ending the conflict, (Candelaria & Naval Postgraduate School, 2003). The US attitude toward joining the ICC While the United States shows persistent loyalty to the expansion of international humanitarian policy, (subject to the present deteriorating acceptance of international law), this is mainly associated to the issue of the recent research. Although the United States accepts the development of overall applicable laws for management of armed dispute, the nation is highly reluctant to support the issue of the validity of the utilization of armed force by the United States t o lawful control, (Sewall & Kaysen, 2000). Whereas the Hague conferences of peace did not address the ICC issue, they failed also to consider the establishment of an ICC for managing conflicts among states. The US delegation report demonstrated that even though the government of the United State was intensively in support of the international court, the nation was, together with other participating nations, unwilling to give in to forceful jurisdiction matters that characterized extensive national interest. Nevertheless, the United States supported the establishment of the Permanent Arbitration Court with it’s entirely consent oriented jurisdiction, partly because of its critical role in the international jurisprudence development, (Lizardo, 2008). The Americans view of the ICC is connected to both local and external view of American leadership legitimacy. Scholars have documented about the origins and significance of soft

How Religions Impact Food Practices of the Followers Research Paper

How Religions Impact Food Practices of the Followers - Research Paper Example The author of the paper tells that Muslims generally follow the Koran which has laid down a number of rules concerning food but within Islam itself, there are many different sects that observe dietary rules depending upon the degree of orthodoxy. The Koran permits that only animals with a cloven hoof can be consumed. According to this, pigs, carnivorous animals, and birds, except chicken are forbidden. The law also states that animals have to be slaughtered in a ritualistic manner by making an incision at the jugular vein and draining the blood. This slaughter has to be accompanied by prayers so that the meat becomes legitimate (halal) for consumption. Otherwise, food is prohibited (haram). A prayer during slaughter is to acknowledge that life is sacred and one must kill only with God’s permission. Prohibited foods include pork and pork-derived foods, including lard and bacon. Meat that is halal must have the blood drained from it and must be slaughtered in a humane fashion. S ome Muslims eat kosher products because the dietary laws are similar to the Jewish dietary laws. Utensils have to be clean an uncontaminated by haram substances. Shellfish or sharks are not permitted because only fish with scales are permitted for consumption. Alcohol is totally permitted. During the month of Ramadan, which is the fasting month, except young children or very old or ill, have to fast from sunrise to sunset, without any food or drink. Pregnant, lactating women and menstruating women are exempted for the time being but have to make it up sometime during the year.

James Baldwin Essay Example for Free

James Baldwin Essay Has writing ever changed your life? Have you wondered about the author of the amazing work? James Baldwin was the author of books, plays, and essays that broke literary ground. His work explored social and racial issues regarding discrimination. James Arthur Baldwin was born in Harlem, New York in August 2, 1924 to Emma Berdis Jones and an unknown father. His stepfather was David Baldwin, a Baptist preacher and a factory worker. Baldwin grew up with an abusive father and a poor family with eight siblings. He wrote and edited the school magazine at his middle school, Frederic Douglass Junior High, at the age of 11. At the ages of 14 through 16, Baldwin was a Pentecostal preacher at Pentecostal Church, delivered by the difficulties of life, as well as his abusive stepfather, who was also a preacher. At the age of 15, a running buddy, Emile Capouya, recommended the young Baldwin to meet Beauford Delaney, an American modernist painter. Delaney became Baldwin’s mentor, living proof that African-American artists exist and that he could become one himself. You might be wondering what Baldwin achieved in young adulthood as he matured into the revolutionary writer he became. After attending high school, Baldwin started a string of ill paid jobs, self-study, but earned a literary apprenticeship in New York City. Around the age of 20, Baldwin moved to Greenwich Village, New York a popular home of African American artists and writers. While in New York, he befriended Richard Wright, a fellow African-American writer. At the age of 21, Baldwin landed a fellowship through Wright. He started to publish his first essays and short stories (ex: The Nation, Partisan Review, and Commentary). Three years later, at the age of 24, Baldwin moved to Paris on another fellowship. His personal life was lonely. He once loved Lucien Happersberg, a Swiss artist that he lived with while he stayed in Switzerland. He was single and had no children. His personal hobbies included writing and reading which lead to his writing career. He enjoyed writing poems, essays, short stories, and plays that were against discrimination. Baldwin was one of the leading voices in the civil rights movement. His work broke literary ground by influencing others. Maya Angelou called Baldwin her friend and brother and was greatly influenced by his work. He was especially well known for his essays on the black experience in America. He provided an unflinching look at the black experience in America through his work. Nobody Knows My Name, one of Baldwin’s touching books, hit the best-sellers list, selling more than a million copies. Early on December 1, 1987, Baldwin died of esophageal cancer in Saint-Paul-de-Venice, France. He was buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, near New York City. Baldwin was cheerful and active days before his death, hosting a Thanksgiving dinner. He had continued to write until his death at the age of 63. He had finished Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings, and had published The Price of the Ticket in 1985, just two years from his death. James Baldwin was an influential person. I learned that anyone can change things within and without your reach with determination. I was impressed that he was eager to change people’s perspectives of the world around them. The lesson that I learned from him was that one should do the right thing in bad situations. James Baldwin was a truly amazing person.

Personal Reflection And Action Plan

Personal Reflection And Action Plan Self-monitoring is a personality trait which measures the ability of an individual (he or she) to adjust their behaviour to the demand of the external situational factors. There were many situations where my behavior was not proper with respect to understanding of other persons situation. Every employee gets stressed as they approach deadlines. I have neglected colleagues many times by not replying to their urgent emails because I was much worried about completion of work on time, though the sender required input data from me to go ahead further. I gave inappropriate answers to colleagues who approached me for technical doubts that added unnecessary arguments. The management had introduced a new process for the projects like documentation, reviews and so on. I argued many times by not thinking from perspective of the manager and the organization. There were situations when I got escalated with trivial issues. However, the problem might have been solved easily if I had thought from th e other persons perspective and acted accordingly. 1.Action Described People Centred Manager Skills that I will develop Example of New Behaviour you will display given this new skill Resources you need to implement action Actions specific benefits to an organization according to theory ( Kinicki Kreiter) Not replying to important emails when under pressure. Giving vague answers when I was in stress Argued with manager against new process by not thinking in right perspective Escalated with trivial issues when in stress Be more flexible and respond to others in an appropriate manner. Think twice before responding to others. Communicate in a clear and good manner. Stay cool and calm during stress and control the temper levels. Avoid unnecessary arguments. Think objectively. Understand the issues objectively before intensifying. Spend some time on replying urgent issues. If I cannot reply immediately, I would inform they by email or phone. Give clear answers to people according to the situation and let me them that I would attend them later if I am busy. Think objectively, think from others point of view before raising concerns. Be patient. I would practice constructive criticism. Avoid discussing unnecessary issues. Take help from friends and colleagues by discussing how would they handle stress and plan their work. Gain knowledge on how to interpret both the verbal and non-verbal gestures. Practice pranayams(breathing exercise) and do meditation. Improve communication by talking and reading Communicating in Digital Age(Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) There is must success with high self-monitors and career success (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) Good communication within the team and improves well-being of the group (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) High self monitors are people who are emotionally mature especially managers who can help their employers reduce conflicts, anger and stress related problems. (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) Reflection 2 and Action plan 2: Measuring your desire for Performance Feedback I strongly believe that feedback helps what actions an individual need to change. I come under the category of moderate desire for feedback as per the hands-on exercise. As a person I knew what I did and how much I am supposed to do (a task). Generally I work according to the plan as scheduled by me ahead of the task. Sometimes, I regret for not taking feedback about my progress at work. Even though I am satisfied with my work, often I get doubts whether the management is happy about the quality of my contribution the organization. Most of the time, I did not bother negative feedback and did not handle in a proper manner in order to avoid feeling insecure. Many times I got a feedback with a negative message like I does not listen to team leaders, come late to the office and leave from work before closing hours. Because of this I should not show deaf ear to all kind of feedbacks rather I must get used to take objective feedback to improve my self-efficiency. 1.Action Described People Centred Manager Skills that I will develop Example of New Behaviour you will display given this new skill Resources you need to implement action Actions specific benefits to an organization according to theory ( Kinicki Kreiter) Working according to the plan without taking feedback. Neglecting to take feedback with regard to progress of my work. Avoid by not taking feedback from management with regard to the quality of work done by me. Avoiding negative feedback I would take feedback from team members and plan accordingly to improve. Get up to date feedback for progressing, improve quality and productivity of work. Take regular feedback with respect to quality of work. I would rather focus to improve in the areas where I feel uneasy by using objective negative feedback. Schedule the task to be done and work on it, request colleagues to go through it and get feedback to improve planning the thinks. At the time execution of the task, regularly get help from colleagues in the form of feedback to find out whether I am at par with others. When I complete the task, I would ask team members to review it so that the mistakes are traced out and can improve the quality of the task(work). It would be better for me to take feedback from others as I cannot be objective for my own performance. Consider, for example how I can improve my communication skills. Schedule a timetable for getting feedback time to time from a well organised teammate so that I can get proper guidance. A user friendly centralised system should be developed to help people to give feedback A moderator to be present in the discussion to ensure that the feedback is objective A new approach for building positive relation between managers and employees so that work is managed well and there is a good outcome as expected. (Performance Conversations Model, Christoper D.Lee). Employees gets motivated to improve performance, attitude and their intensions from performance feedback. Sometimes even the negative feedback can have positive motivational effect (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) The outcome of feedback gives behaviour direction, resistance, effort and persistence (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) http://www.amazon.com/Performance-Conversations-Alternative-Appraisals-Christopher/dp/1587366053 Reflection3 and Action plan 3: Job satisfaction Job satisfaction has relation with motivation at work. I have low job satisfaction with recognition, compensation and supervision as per the hands-on-exercise. I came to know that my friends are paid more for doing similar jobs in other companies. I also regret about the goals set to me by my manager at the time of appraisal. It has effect on my compensation which lowered motivation. However, I have not approach my manager to express my concern and to worsen the situation I got frustrated and decreased my efficiency at work. My manager is a headstrong person who wanted things to happen in his way. As an employee I expected to have freedom at work. Many times we ended up with arguments there by creating uncomfortable working conditions. Because of constant supervision my frustration levels increased which reduced the productivity. Often, team members were blamed for unnecessary issues that were not relevant to work which in turn lowered the motivation level among the team. 1.Action Described People Centred Manager Skills that I will develop Example of New Behaviour you will display given this new skill Resources you need to implement action Actions specific benefits to an organization according to theory ( Kinicki Kreiter) Did not discuss with manager regarding appraisal. I have not given the feedback to the manager, so work atmosphere is not improved. Getting stressed and their by neglecting work. Expressed my frustration on team members for which I ended in bad relationship with team. Got de motivated and reduced the production level due to unnecessary arguments with the management. I would express my views by talking to manager and come up with all the available options. Always give quick feedback to the management so that they take immediate action on concerning issues. Analyse the issue and act accordingly so that a good environment is created. Maintain healthy relationship with team members by being calm while at work. Avoid arguing unnecessarily by thinking objectively and positively so that at least new issues may not be raised. I prefer to take feedback from the management so as to understand how they think of the productivity. I would approach the concerned authority and let them know about the problems in the team. Talk to the manager personally about sensitive matters like appraisal to maintain good relationship. Reducing the frustration levels when talking to colleagues. Get dedicated to work along with the team. If there are any problems approach the management and let them know and talk to them clearly. Expecting the onsite opportunities to work on a project cover the lost compensation. I make sure that I attend various programs that improves me personally and team coordination. Get used to new activities like yoga, playing indoor games to calm down yourself. Know myself at what level I am in the team by taking feedback from my team members. There is a conntection between job satisfaction of and motivation (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) There is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction andorganisational citizenship behaviours (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) The more the person is healthy and has control on him the better the positive atmosphere is created in the organization (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) When we are satisfied we perform well and performance in turn causes satisfaction(Kinicki Kreitner, 2009) Reflection 4 and Action Plan 4: Ethical Behaviour As a fresher I misused office resources when I was working for a company. As per rules of an organization, we were not supposed to divulge confidential information to the people who are not part of our team but many times I talked about the project with friends. We are supposed to use landline phones for office purpose only i.e. to clarify doubts with team members but we misused it for personal purpose. The company used to provide food and transportation for employees who work after 9 p.m. We used to stay till 9oclock to have food and go home by office car. We used to move around in the lunch break and back to the office late in the afternoon session. Sometimes we abscond from office during work hours by telling that we were not feeling well and take official leave. We were supposed to internet services for searching only the data that was relevant to the technology we were working on but many times we misused by watching news, cricket scores, chatting and so on. Many times we blamed each other for errors in the project work even though our mistake is there. Inspite of us being unethical to the organization we were not pointed out by the management because of our work performance. 1.Action Described People Centred Manager Skills that I will develop Example of New Behaviour you will display given this new skill Resources you need to implement action Actions specific benefits to an organization according to theory ( Kinicki Kreiter) I am unethical to the company by using its resources for personal purpose Using internet services for personal use. Blaming others for errors in the project. I would send a clear message by cultivating good habits and behavior about ethical conduct. Let the management know what need to be done to restrict the employees from misuse of the resources and suggest them to take severe action. Talk and listen to the senior employee about the ethical standards. Make a habit of following ethics of the company. Be regular to the office and work till the office hours are completed. Make use of the available resources strictly for office purpose only and not doing personal work in the office. I would be responsible for what I do and rectify the mistakes I have done by approaching collegues. Attend various ethical training programs to tackle with the ethical issues. Make use of the decision trees to evaluate the ethical questions. Attend meetings and informal conversations where leaders talk about ethical behavior by telling the situational examples. By being ethical one can act has a role model for others to follow and create good atmosphere in the company(Kinicki Kreither, 2009) Create an environment where employees are given chance to express them so that companies ethics are not violated(Kinicki Kreither, 2009) Provide training sessions on ethics at the time orientation, online lectures and through seminors (Kinicki Kreither, 2009) Reflection 5 and Action Plan 5: Intrinsic Motivation We were supposed to deliver a project to the client in a very less span of time. The task became a huge challenge to me because the time span is not sufficient. We were told to work for extra hours in the office. I went into a perception that I lost passion about my work because it was difficult for us to adjust all of a sudden to the new work environment. My team members and I could not give output up to the expectations because of the low intrinsic movtivation this in turn has effect on capabilities of my decision making. We lost confidence and passion for work. We did not get proper requirements from the client and as well from manager i.e. he does not give clear picture of what we are supposed to do. It was very difficult to go ahead with the project in less span of time because we were supposed to learn new concepts to implement in the project. Inspite of me working hard I do not get proper information from my lead or manager from time to time. 1.Action Described People Centred Manager Skills that I will develop Example of New Behaviour you will display given this new skill Resources you need to implement action Actions specific benefits to an organization according to theory ( Kinicki Kreiter) Lost passion at work because of new work environment. Did not get proper requirements from manager. No idea of new concept to be implemented in the task. No recognition from manager for my work. Get inspiration by recognizing my passion at work and by modeling desired behaviours. I would discuss with the employees about the tasks. Give proper training on the concepts before going ahead with the task and give support to learn. Report to the manager from time to time about work, be ethical. I would work with commitment and compassion till the project is handed to the client. When I get a task I would sit with the colleagues and get a clear picture of what we are supposed to do. Implement the task using new concept and approach team mates if necessary. I would work for extra work in the office and let the manager know if I help others at work by working late nights. Motivational lectures from the management or video tapes showing the examples for commitment towards work. Come to a solution by analyzing the task, approach the manager for modifications for confirmation. Sample documents that are related to our task. A system should be developed where the employees are monitored and rewarded . The company benefits from high productivity if the job performance of its employees is raised Identify and implement various kinds of managerial behaviours to improve intrinsic rewards(Kinicki Kreither, 2009). The organization have high retention rate if the employees feel that they are more valued The organization can improve bottom line results. http://www.ehow.com/how_4714830_foster-intrinsic-motivation-workplace.html http://www.callcentrehelper.com/building-better-performance-through-intrinsic-motivation-48.htm