Authoritarian Personality Is A Personality Type - 971 Words

Authoritarian Personality is a personality type in which an individual inhibits prejudice It is caused by a variety of certain circumstances, which were narrowed down by Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford during the year 1950. Through many tests and analysis of over 2,000 respondents from middle classes Whites to inmates of San Quentin State Prison, they were able to figure out the characteristics associated with authoritarian personality. The characteristics include compliance in beliefs of conventional values, not having criticism towards authority and complying to authority, and concern regarding power and toughness. Also, the intolerance of those with the authoritarian personality is related to aggression towards people that do not oblige to authority or conventional norms. Researchers believe that a rigid upbringing leads those who an authoritarian personality to treat others like how they were treated. Bogardus scale was created by Emory Bogardus in 1968 to measu re social distance empirically. The scale determines the desire of people in associate with different racial and ethnic groups during certain social situations. After 70 years of administering the test, certain patterns have formed. White Americans and northern Europeans are on the top of the hierarchy. Eastern and southern Europeans are at a greater social distance and racial minorities are on the bottom. Color-blind racism has been known as laissez-faire or postracialism orShow MoreRelatedAn Authoritarian Personality Is A Personality Type969 Words   |  4 PagesAn authoritarian personality is a personality type in which an individual inhibits prejudice. It is said to be caused by a variety of certain circumstances, which were determined by Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford during the year 1950. Through many tests and analysis of over 2,000 respondents from middle-class Whites to inmates of San Quentin State Prison, they were able to figure out the characteristics associated with authoritarian personality. The characteristics include complianceRead MoreOutline the Similarities and Differences Between Adorno Et Al.’S (1950) and Altemeyer’s (1981) Approach to Authoritarianism1048 Words   |  5 Pagesprone to such levels of violence and hate in the name of political ideology. The ‘Authoritarian Personality’ was a concept suggested in 1950 by G erman sociologist Theodor Adorno and colleagues following their research identifying the personality traits believed to allow an individual to be bias towards and follow a fascist ideology. Although initially met with great excitement, over time the authoritarian personality alone was seen, by many psychologists, as not sufficient to explain the potentialRead MoreOrdinary People Analysis1069 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Authoritarian, the Permissive and the Authoritative Ordinary People Parents are perhaps the greatest influences in a person life. They mentor us, shape us and model us into the type of people they would be proud of. This is no different in the movie, Ordinary People which portrays a family of three struggling through a tragedy and its byproducts. The movie highlights the three different parenting styles through the two parents, Beth and Calvin, of Conrad. Furthermore the movie underscoresRead MorePrejudice: A Problem With an Unknown Origin Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages There are numerous theories, but the three likely one were discovered by three separate groups of researchers.The researchers findings are discussed in â€Å"The Evolution of Prejudice- Biological† the idea prejudice comes from evolution, â€Å"Authoritarian Personality AJC- psychological† the idea it is an effect of childhood, and â€Å"Basis of most prejudices is ignorance† the idea it comes from our societies’s influences. In the article â€Å"The Evolution of Prejudice- Biological† Neha Mahajan and researchersRead MoreAnna Wintour Assignment Essay1355 Words   |  6 Pagesadopted her stern and tough working attitude from her father who was known as ‘Chilly Charlie’ within the media world due to his cold demeanour quite like his daughter who is known as ‘Nuclear Wintour’. Anna Wintour’s leadership style adopts a very authoritarian style approach due to the fact that it is evident she has clear expectations about how work should be carried out, in what style and within which time span. Due to her dominating attitude within the work place, it is also very noticeable that thereRead MoreThe Authoritarian Personality By Erich Fromm1214 Words   |  5 Pages In his essay, â€Å"The Authoritarian Personality,† Erich Fromm elucidates the two types of authoritarian personalities: the passive-authoritarian (masochistic, submissive), and the active-authoritarian (sadistic, dominant). In contrast to the authoritarian personality—which is marked by one’s inability to rely upon oneself—Fromm posits that the character of the independent individual is marked by two skills: love and reason. According to Fromm, love allows the individual to maintain autonomy whilstRead MoreHow Parenting Styles Affect Childhood Development1139 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscipline strategy, communication skills, and maturity. Incorporating these areas, she posted four types of parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are given arbitrary rules and expected to give unquestioning obedience. Failure to follow instructions will result in severe or unnecessary punishment. Authoritarian parents tend to fail to explain the reasons for the rules, causing the child to see the rulesRead Moreâ€Å"a Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective.† Discuss. Base Your Answer on Theoretical Concepts and Techniques Presented in Class.1697 Words   |  7 Pagesanswer on theoretical concepts and techniques presented in class. | There are many different ways in which a hypnotic screed can be personalised to suit the individual that they are being tailored for; just as there are many different types of personalities and experiences to be taken into account when doing so. Because in hypnotherapy we are working with the clients subconscious mind we need to make sure that it is as accessible as is possible, and there are a number of ways of doing this. Read MoreChild s Interaction With Caregivers Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesA child’s interaction with caregivers can affect them for the rest of their lives. Attachment and parenting styles play a role in a child’s personality, social, and cognitive skills. It is important for adults to understand the severity of attachment and positive relationships with children. Attachment is the foundation for a strong relationship between caregivers and children. Children usually become attached to the person who cares for them most often during their first year of life. There isRead MoreLeadership Styles And Its Impact On Society1323 Words   |  6 Pagesin the last several years in order to keep up with the latest trends. Years ago there was only one style of leadership that shaped America. It was Authoritarian. In order to understand how leadership styles have changed, all leadership’s styles must first be explained. Styles of Leadership- Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire â€Å"Authoritarian: perceive others as needing direction, needs to control, and believes that others are inherently lazy (Theory X). On the positive side, it is efficient

The Market Structures Of A Market Structure - 962 Words

In economics, there are four market structures that function in the worldwide market. Each of these market structures correlates with one another to create the demand and supply of the market. However, these market structures have some unique traits that no other theory can have alike. Therefore, a comparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structures will reveal the difference and similarities that each one has. Firstly, the perfection competition is a market structure that has four assumptions that define what it is to be in this market. The four assumptions include the following it has many sellers and buyers, it produces and sells homogeneous products, it has easy access and exits, and it provides information for all firms in perfect competition. In perfect competition the firms are price takers which mea ns these firms do not have a say in the price of their products. This implies that firm in perfect competition will always sell at equilibrium price and it is considered to be perfectly elastic. In the short-run versus the long-run, perfect competition are both equally the same. The reason it is equally the same is because the golden rule marginal revenue equal marginal cost applies to both. Thus, in the short-run price is equal to marginal revenue and marginal cost which maximize their profit.Show MoreRelatedMarket Structure Of The Market Structures1779 Words   |  8 Pagesmayor to look at various market structures. I plan to provide excellent information and answer all the questions that will help the mayor understand the market structures of many of the businesses in his city. According to Arthur Levitt, the tension between centrality, on the one hand, and competition, on the other, is probably the oldest of all market structure issues (Levitt, n.d.). Market structures are bein g used daily to help foster companies. Describe each market structure discussed in the courseRead MoreMarket Structures Of The Market1198 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Market Structures are classified in term of the presence or absence of competition. When competition is absent, the market is said to be concentrated. There is a spectrum, from perfect competition to pure monopoly. Market structure is the physical characteristics of the market within which firms interact. It involves the number of firms in the market and the barriers to entry. Perfect competition, with an infinite number of firms, and monopoly, with a single firm, are polar oppositesRead MoreThe Market Structures853 Words   |  4 PagesThe four defined market structures include perfect competition, monopoly, monopolist, and oligopoly. Although firms within these four different structures compete within the economic market together, each have their distinct characteristic. Perfect competition includes producers who all produce the same good. When looking at perfect competition you will see that both the buyers and sellers are price takers. The agricultural market is one of the few perfectly competitive markets. A monopoly consistRead MoreMarket Structures2710 Words   |  11 PagesKenya Institute of Management Diploma Course in Management Economics Work Based Assignment Done By: Daniel Mwathe Mugo Student No: NRB-44592 Table of Contents Question 2 Market Structures 3 Monopoly 3 Equilibrium Price and Output 3 Price Discrimination 5 Advantages of Monopoly 5 Disadvantages of Monopoly 6 Monopolistic Competition 6 Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition 6 Equilibrium level 6 Oligopoly 7 Features of Oligopoly 8 Competition and Collusion 8 Duopoly:Read MoreMarket Structures1479 Words   |  6 PagesBetween Market Structures ECO/365 April 13, 2015 Benjamin Zuckerman Differentiating Between Market Structures Coca-Cola Company is one of the world’s leading soft drinks manufacturers. Since its creation, the company has been growing constantly. Today Coca-Cola manufactures more than 500 brands of products sold in more than 200 countries all over the world. Coca-Cola’s main competitor is Pepsi. Therefore, the two companies make up a duopoly where only two companies dominate the market. BothRead MoreMarket Structures1503 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Structures The purpose of this paper is to provide of different types of market structures as well as pricing and non-pricing strategies used in the various market structures. First, the team explores the pure competition market structure through the analysis to Fiji Water Company. Second, the oligopoly market structure with LOreal Group Cosmetic and Beauty Company. Third, explain the monopolistic competition market structure with Campbells Soup Company. Last, the team explains how QuasarRead MoreAnalysis Of Different Market Structures Of A Market Structure2335 Words   |  10 PagesDifferent Market Structures Student s name Course name and number Instructor s name Date submitted Analysis of Different Market Structures 1. Introduction The small number of market structure consultancies across the globe shows that the market structure concept is itself considerably new. Clearly, various market structure components have been widely studied over the years: derivatives, exchange, trading, and clearing. Even then, there has been no holistic examination of the whole market structureRead MoreMarket Structure2924 Words   |  12 PagesForms of Industrial Organization, Market Structure, and Pricing Karl University MBA 501 Abstract The team will identify the four market structures, Pure Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolist Competition and Pure Competition in the forms of industrial organization. Pure Monopoly is one firm or company that controls the whole market whether there may not or may be substitutes. Oligopoly is a market dominated by a few large producers of a homogeneous or differentiated product. MonopolisticRead MoreMarket Structure1104 Words   |  5 PagesI. MARKET STRUCTURE We can classify firms by the roles they play in the target market: leader, challenger, follower, or nicher. Suppose a market is occupied by the firms shown in Figure 1.1. Forty percent of the market is in the hands of a market leader; another 30 percent is in the hands of a market challenger; another 20 percent is in the hands of a market follower, a firm that is willing to maintain its market share and not rock the boat. The remaining 10 percent is in the hands of market nichersRead MoreMarket Structures4108 Words   |  17 PagesRUNNING HEAD: MARKET STRUCTURES Market Structures University of Phoenix Market Structures In this paper, we will discuss the four market structures of Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Pure Competition. We have identified four companies that operate in each of these market structures: Salt River Project, The Coca Cola Company, Russ s Market, and Columbia House. In each market structure we will describe the pricing and non-pricing strategies of the companies operating in

Performing Arts Paper Essay Example For Students

Performing Arts Paper Essay In addition, the following provides information on famous composers associated With opera and concludes With the influence opera has add on society and culture. Historical Development and Evolution The art of opera began during the Renaissance era in the late 16th century in Florence, Italy. Opera started as Greek plays recreated by adding music. According to the Music Lessons Online web site (2010), the first recorded opera was called Deafen and it was created in the late 150(Yes Opera style spread quickly across Europe and soon the first opera house was built in Venice, Italy in 1637. At this time, opera became available to the public, not just aristocracy entertainment. By 1700, 16 public opera houses opened (Columbian Encyclopedia, 2008), At that time, opera was considered an Italian music for-n, Lyrics were written in Italian only. Christopher Cluck is a German composer credited with changing the face of opera with Refer et Eurydice in 1 762, staged in Vienna. Refer et Eurydice is said to have changed opera because of its emphasis on drama (Said, 2007). The opera was the first of many reformed operas composed by Cluck, and influenced composers like Mozart Refer et Eurydice set the standard for the modern opera style we see today. Opera finally emerged in German, French, Spanish, and Russian in the 19th century. Prance produced the Grand Opera that would last four to five hours and include ballet dancers. Wagner Ring Cycle followed this pattern, thus taking opera to epic proportions (Music Lessons Online web site, 2010). Characteristics of the Opera Genre Opera is characterized by almost continuous music With solos, duets, trios, quartets, and choral pieces designed to dramatist and display the main characters vocal abilities. Opera may have some spoken dialogue, and, if so, With musical accompaniment (Columbian Encyclopedia web site, 2008). Three basic types of opera exist: grand opera, opera buff, and operetta (Spore, 2009). Grand opera is a five act, tragic opera, Opera buff is a comical opera that uses satire. Operetta is a light style of opera including a romantic mood and humorous tone with a lighthearted and sappy plot (2009), Most operas are still written in Italian, thus, one has to overcome a language barrier to comprehend. An opera begins with an overture. Next, the plot is revealed through recitative, which is dialogue that is sung). Dance and ballet interludes smooth the transition of scenes. Arias provide emotion and poetry of an opera and bell canto is a style f singing used in opera to emphasize the beauty of sound (Spore, 2009). Famous or Well Known artists associated with Opera Claudio Monteverdi is credited to expanding the opera art form by adding an aria. An aria provided depth to the opera story by allowing the performer to show technique and emotion. In 1612, Monteverdi was promoted to the Master of Music for the Venetian republic (History World web site, 2010). His work became a standard for composers who followed him because of his introduction of bell canto and buffo styles, and his dramatic mood Of music. Mortification Chest and Pitter Francesco Cavil developed an international style by featuring virtuoso soloists instead Of choruses. In addition, comedy and parody was introduced into the opera genre by Alexandra Straddled in 18th century (Columbian Encyclopedia, 2008). Jean Baptists Lully introduced French opera to the grand opera style characterized by lavish stage settings and scenery along with the ballets, choruses, and long disquisitions of love and glory (History World web site, 2010). The English Opera in 1656 by poet laureate Sir William Deviant with The Siege of Rhodes. George Frederic Handel was best known for his oratorio .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc , .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .postImageUrl , .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc , .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:hover , .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:visited , .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:active { border:0!important; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:active , .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f02d753a13994872394e27f5b41efbc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Naturalism - Moscow Arts Center - the Seagle EssayMessiah, Crowned the reigning English composer, he wrote famous operas such as Ronald, Gigolo Cesar, Redefined, and Alicia (2008). Opera influences on society and culture Richard Wagner provided opera with an organic unity that is still present in todays theatrical productions (Spore, 2009). Richard also made popular the use of small orchestras. American composers John Adams and Phillip Glass continue to compose operas to keep the opera style alive. Prom Italian to Russian, each form of opera influenced the next as the genre spread like the pop style of today in early Europe. A newer version created in American called happier is a hip hop version of the opera style. Hip hop artists such as Robert Kelly and Beyond Knowles both made their own versions Of the hip hopper style. Composers such as Mozart and opera singers such as Placida Domingo are household names to opera lovers worldwide. Opera has evolved since the 16th century and its characteristics of drama and music continue to entertain many. Its style continues to influence many musical artists to adapt various parts Of opera into any genre of music.

What should be medicines main priority free essay sample

Should medicine give more priority to the quality or quantity of life? Historically speaking the quantity and not the quality of healthcare services has been the main priority of developing countries all around the globe since the impact of healthcare services is measured in terms of its effect on mortality. However some people may argue that healthcare services should be directed towards patient satisfaction as outcome measures but when it comes down to life threatening situations I can without doubt say that the quantity of a life is more important than its adversary. We can’t choose what life may have in store for us or the kind of diseases we may suffer from. We may be genetically disposed to a certain disease or it may be a result of environmental pollution. We can neither fully treat nor overcome it as we will be liable to side effects for the rest of our life but what medicine can and are doing is prolonging life. We will write a custom essay sample on What should be medicines main priority? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To them the main concern is not whether a patient will live be able to enjoy the full benefits of life or resume his activities according to his/her previous routine but whether such a person’s life can be saved at all. Whether he/she can open their eyes after an operation however painful it may have been just to see the faces of their family and loved ones. After all is it not true that doctors enter this field to â€Å"save lives† as the saying goes and not for any personal comfort. Isn’t this exactly the main aim of every health care officer that prolonging and saving lives should be given more preference if the alternative is in the patients view a short but happy life or in other words one in which they have become resigned to their fate. For example people suffering from cancer may be treated by palliative chemotherapy which means that though the tumor is not completely removed the life of the patient has been prolonged. And though there are many effects of chemotherapy, yet if the person may live to see another day then doesn’t this overcome the negative aspects. Doesn’t living to see another day justify what may seem to the patient as sacrificing his/her personal comforts. And who doesn’t want to live a long life even if it means not enjoying pleasures of life, not contributing to our families and society and not â€Å"giving back† to others but only being able to receive care and assistance from them. On the other hand taking into consideration the quality of life many people are ready to die if there health fails rapidly and if they can no longer participate in the activities they once enjoyed. They may complain about pain, loss of vision, food no longer being appealing to them, loss of energy and depression. They may not be able to adapt to the post surgery changes which leaves them in a state of denial of there present circumstances and condition. From this point of view the quality of life issue becomes more pronounced and for that reason patients show unwillingness to continue the fight for their life. They might also argue that it is more meaningful to step into ones shoes for even an hour rather than to philosophize about it. However in the end the fact remains that saving the life of a person should be the main priority and concern in the field of medicine and the after effects of treatment should be a secondary concern. Even though there is a saying that there is a time to be born and time to die but that time may run short due to exposure to a fatal disease. In that case treatment and medicine should be provided in context of saving lives despite the consequences. We may never live the same kind of life that we used to but we will live to see another day and is this not worth fighting! As James Clerk Maxwell once said and I quote: â€Å"It was a great step in science when men became convinced that, in order to understand the nature of things, they must begin by asking, not whether a thing is good or bad, noxious or beneficial, but of what kind it is? And how much is there of it? Quality and quantity were then recognized as the primary features to be observed in scientific inquiry.

The Crucible, by Arthur Miller Essay Example For Students

The Crucible, by Arthur Miller Essay Giles Corey, Rebecca Nurse, and John Proctor all have something in common which endanger them when the witch-hunt begins. The play, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller is a portrayal of the Salem witch trials. In the play there are three characters, Giles, Rebecca, and John all die at the end. These three people all have something in common which endangers them during the witch-hunt and later leads to their death. The one thing that these three people have in common is that they are all full of pride. One of these people is Giles Corey. In the play he is killed for two different things. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible, by Arthur Miller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One thing was that he would not give Danforth the name of the person who told him that Thomas Putnam was trying to get rid of the people in the town so that he could buy their land when they were gone. This is what originally got him arrested. Later they charged him as a witch and he would not answer his indictment. Because he didn? t answer his indictment they could not charge him with being a witch. Therefore, he saved his name and his pride. Another person who has the same thing in common with Giles is Rebecca. Throughout the play there are time where she shows the reader these qualities. When she is faced with something she will always follow her religion. Never will she go against her religion even if it means to save her life. An example from the book is when she is in court and in jail Hale is begging with her to confess. She will not confess and she is later hung. Because of her stubbornness or pride she lost her life. Another person is John proctor who also his pride gets in the way of his decision making. One reason, which goes along with most of the people, was that he did not confess in the court. Later in the story, however, he does decide to confess. He signs the papers and everything. He is fine with this until he finds out that the signed confession will be posted on the door of the church. When he finds this out he then rips up the paper and does not confess. He is also hung for this and all because he wanted to save his name. In The Crucible many people were falsely accused and murdered for no reason. These three people could have prevented their own death if it were not for their pride. All they had to do was confess and spend some time in jail and that would be it. Because they wanted to save their names and pride they all ended up killing themselves.

Dave lives in Dale City

Dave lives in Dale City, California through all the seasons. In my book Daves mom abused him though out his child life. The teachers at the elementary school were he goes knew there was something wrong. His mom would make him ware the old close over and over without washing them he never got new close to ware. He never had a bath unless his mom was not home then he would take one. The teacher would say something to his mom and he would come home from school and his mom would beat him more then usual. The teacher found this out and turned it in to the police Dave was taken away from his family, and he was put into a foster home. Dave always got along with other foster children, but he never stayed in one place to long during his stay in. Dave mad several mistakes in his life at one foster home he became friends with a large kid and got into some trouble. The kid that he became friends with told him to be accepted in his group he would have to slit the principals tier o! n his new car. Dave chooses not to do that. The kid accepted that and he choose another thing for him to do. That was to help him burn the school down. Dave thought he was joking, but he decided to go to the school when the kid asked him to, so he did. When he got there the kid had already started the fire and could not put it out. Dave put the fire out, and got out of the school before the police could see him, but one little girl said that she had seen him and pointed him out. He got in trouble and had to go to juvy hall. Then got moved to a different home. The home he got moved to had just got into the foster thing and they didnt last very long. He lived in many different homes. He then got with one family and lived with them for a while. With this family he was happy and had friends and a nice place to live. They soon started fighting a lot and he decide that he woul

PROBATION PRACTICE IN ENGLAND Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROBATION PRACTICE IN ENGLAND - Essay Example Institutionalized racism produces discriminatory effects on health through public policy, the physical environment, social and medical services and preventive health policy. The studies conducted by various organizations and individuals shows that the practice of racism is prevails in the criminal justice system also. There is recent evidence (from the 2000 British Crime Survey) that black and particularly Asian people are more likely than whites to say that the criminal justice system is effective in bringing offenders to justice, dealing with cases promptly and efficiently, and meeting the needs of crime victims. But at the same time Minority ethnic people were less confident that the system respected the rights of suspects and treated them fairly, and black respondents especially were less likely than whites to believe that the police treated witnesses well (Mirrlees-Black, 2001)(1). Whatever it is, it is important to explore the field of probation practice and the treatment of minority ethnic groups in the criminal justice system, to identify the criminogenic needs of black and Asian offenders, and to explore their views about probation supervision, and to inform decisions about appropriate service provision. Thereby we can have a deep look into the p... 1. Mirrlees-Black, C. (2001) Confidence in the Criminal Justice System: Findings from the 2000 British Crime Survey. Research Findings No. 137, London: Home Office. 2 Thereby we can have a deep look into the probation practice to diversity in working with these Black and Asians .Moreover we can corroborate the possibility that people from minority ethnic groups may be subject to disadvantageous treatment at all stages of the criminal justice process, even if this does not result from overt racist discrimination (Phillips and B rown, 1998).(2) Before going to explore the areas of diversities in the probation practice regarding the black and Asian offenders, it will be helpful to have look on the scope of probation practices and criminal justice system. Probation service and Criminal Justice System The National Probation Service is a law enforcement agency delivering community punishment, supervising offenders within terms set by courts & the parole board and working with offenders to reduce their re-offending & to protect the public. It is an integral part of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is defined by government as:(3) (1)Home Office - police, prison and the probation service, 2) Lord Chancellor's Department - crown and magistrates' courts and court of appeal 3) Law Officers' department - crown prosecution and serious fraud office.This informal supervision was given a statutory basis by the Probation of Offenders Act 1907, which allowed courts to appoint and employ probation officers. They were required to advise, assist and befriend

The Buying Patterns of the Consumers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Buying Patterns of the Consumers - Essay Example When flaws in this approach became apparent, during the mid-1990s, the focus shifted towards product orientation, which urged the marketers to spend all their resources in perfecting the quality of their products. The next ideology shift during the late 1970s brought the selling orientation, which preached the idea that in order to ensure sales and profits, companies should follow highly aggressive sales strategies (Lancaster & Massingham, 2010, p. 20).   Nevertheless, all these ideologies were stepping stones in allowing marketers to come up with the marketing innovation, which puts customers at the top of everything which the motto, â€Å"a customer is always right†. Marketing approach urges marketers and companies not to engage in â€Å"hunting† but â€Å"gardening†. Marketers agree that â€Å"make and sell† strategy is extremely short-sighted and today, in order to succeed, companies need to follow a â€Å"sense and respond† strategy. Organisations should not put in all their efforts to find the right customers for their products, but the focus should be on finding the right products for your customers (Solomon, 2006, p. 370).   More importantly, in order to find right products for your customers, you first need to have a thorough understanding of the needs and wants of your customers. Only when businesses have the proper knowledge about the buying patterns of their consumers, they can sustain their revenues and ensure that they rank high in terms of customer satisfaction.

Analyze the Effects That the Wealthiest Individuals of the Gilded Age Had on America Essay Example for Free

Analyze the Effects That the Wealthiest Individuals of the Gilded Age Had on America Essay As the American Civil War came to an end, an era of phenomenal economic growth was spurred by a second Industrial Revolution. It touched all geographic areas of America, evident in increased farm output and labor efficiency. The magnificent flow of goods generated could be efficiently transported by freshly lain transcontinental railroads made of Bessemer steel. Presiding over these late nineteenth century developments was a new class of extremely wealthy industrialists, the main beneficiaries of the era’s prosperity. They dominated substantial sectors of the new economy such as steel, oil, banking, and rail transportation. While these individuals created and donated outstanding wealth, they also engineered one of American history’s most corrupt and unequally heterogeneous time periods, dubbed the Gilded Age by Mark Twain. Such ambiguity blurs the legacy of these incredible few, who some call â€Å"robber barons† and other call â€Å"captains of industry†. However, neither polarity is completely accurate. The wealthiest Americans during the Gilded Age had both positive and negative effects on American society. While a large group of individuals amassed incredible wealth during the Gilded Age, there existed an even more elite group consisting of individuals that rank among the richest men in history. It included John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Jay Gould, James Fisk, and J. P. Morgan. To understand their later deeds, one must understand the strikingly similar environments in which these men came of age. For example, all of the aforementioned men were born in the Northeast during the Second Great Awakening, an environment in which principles such as self-discipline, frugality and efficiency were highly valued. Preachers of the time period endorsed the Calvinist view that â€Å"where you find the most religion, you find the most worldly prosperity†, while poverty was considered a condition of the lazy and spiritually weak (Chernow 55). Like many others have done in history, the wealthiest industrialists established religion as the concrete foundation on which they justified their actions. With the exception of J. P. Morgan, the most affluent robber barons also grew up with little material means. Carnegie worked as a bobbin boy at age 14, earning about $1. 20 a week, and Rockefeller picked potatoes for 37 cents a day in his youth (â€Å"Andrew Carnegie†, Chernow 32). These challenging living conditions further instilled frugality and grit inside the destined business leaders of America, qualities that would help them conquer industrial America. Most of the future industrialists also entered the business world in their teenage years. Sixteen-year-old Rockefeller so furtively pursued employment that he visited businesses from early morning to late afternoon six days a week for six weeks until he finally found a job as a bookkeeper (Chernow 44-45). Additionally, they were all in their early twenties when the Civil War began. Amusingly, not one of them enlisted; each hired a replacement for $300 instead (Zinn 255). The young entrepreneurs sought to benefit financially during the war instead of fighting in it, although most supported the Union cause (Chernow 70). The road that each of these extraordinary men walked led them into a monumental era. War raged, new industries boomed, and they had the chance to take advantage of their rapidly changing surroundings. Few in history had as fortuitous opportunities as these men who were born in the right place at the right time. The Civil War gave young industrialists an opportunity to flaunt their business acumen during â€Å"wartime prosperity†. However, with the exception of John D. Rockefeller, who quadrupled his and his associate’s company profits and then bought the company through fair and hard work, their ascent during the period was generally cluttered with acts of questionable morality. In one notorious negotiation, J. P. Morgan bought 5,000 rifles for $3. 50 each and sold them for $22 each to an army general, making a handy $90,000. It was later found that the rifles shot off the thumbs of the soldiers using them. However, no compensation was given because the purchase was an authentic legal contract (Zinn 255). In addition, Jay Gould and James Fisk heftily profited from trading railroad stocks. With inside information, they unfairly beat out rival speculators. James Fisk also commonly sold war commodities for triple their market price to desperate armies (Josephson 66). These young men were still largely in a developmental stage during the Civil War, but their actions during the time period heavily foreshadowed their later actions. Postbellum America was said to be â€Å"the most fertile in American history for chemers and dreamers† (Chernow 97). The young industrialists naturally continued to increase their wealth in the decades after the war with blazing speed, but the actions they made to do so further polluted their legacy and adversely affected American society. Perhaps the most notorious robber baron was John D. Rockefeller. During the war, the twenty-five year old had bought his condescending associates out and then opened Cleveland’s largest oil refinery. â€Å"It was the day that determined my career† he later said (Chernow 87). After the war, Rockefeller sought to further expand his business. He established the Standard Oil Company, a trust with $1 million dollars in capital, with the goal of controlling all of the oil industry (Chernow 134). An action that largely epitomizes his company’s chicanery is the formulation of the South Improvement Company, a collusion with three powerful railroads to increase Standard Oil stakes. Under the SIC, Standard Oil would receive a payment for every barrel of oil shipped by his refineries as well as other refineries, a deal that would discourage railroads to ship oil from refineries outside the SIC, virtually rendering it impossible for small refineries to survive. In exchange, Rockefeller promised to meet a daily shipping quota which would stabilize railroad profits (Chernow 136). When struggling Cleveland refineries heard of the SIC plan, they immediately protested. The plan eventually failed; however, while the plan was intact, Rockefeller bought 22 out of 26 Cleveland refineries in one month, a shopping spree dubbed the Cleveland Massacre (Chernow 145). One Cleveland refiner’s daughter said â€Å"Father went almost insane over this terrible upset to his business. His whole life was embittered by this experience†. Countless similar stories were told as Rockefeller ruthlessly conquered the oil industry by means of horizontal integration. â€Å"The day of combination is here to stay. Individualism has gone, never to return† he said (Chernow 148). Whenever legitimate competition arose, Standard Oil took extreme measures to corral it. When a rival pipeline company threatened Standard Oil’s dominance, Standard Oil hired lawyers to act as farmers and landowners who opposed pipeline construction, bought entire valleys of land, persuaded companies to not sell construction supplies to the rival company, and generously bribed legislatures (Chernow 207-209). Using similar coercive means as well as outright bribery, Rockefeller came to control 95% of the oil industry by 1877, eventually accumulating a fortune that makes him the richest man in American history (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 541, Chernow 505). His success inspired countless business leaders to form trusts that further disproportioned American wealth, hence indirectly harming America socioeconomically on top of his colossal direct harm. Other industrial captains also amassed their fortunes at the expense of others. Railroad builders such as James Hill, Vanderbilt, and the Big Four employed Irish and Chinese workers at the cost of one or two dollars a day. Hours were long and the work was dangerous. In just 1889, 22,000 railroad workers were killed or injured (Zinn 256). The most famous demonstration of railroad labor unrest was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 which was triggered by wage cuts. 100 people died, and millions of dollars of property was damaged (Carrigan). The steel industry also generated aggrieved workers. Two-thirds of the workers at Andrew Carnegie’s largest steel manufacturing plant, Homestead, earned $1. 40 every 12 hour workday, barely enough to keep a family above the poverty line of $500/year. Asked about working conditions, one Homestead worker said, â€Å"I lost forty pounds the first three months I came into the business. It sweats the life out of a man. I often drink two buckets of water during the twelve hours; the sweat drips through my sleeves, and runs down my legs and fills my shoes† (Reilly 8). The wealthy inequality created by big businesses like Carnegie’s begot class warfare. In 1892, Homestead workers went on strike after the manager decided to cut wages and break the union. When Pinkerton detectives failed to stop the riot, federal troops were called in (Zinn 276). The Gilded Age naturally produced monopolistic big businesses that were owned by immensely wealthy individuals due to the nature of the technological innovations of the time period. They established an unfortunate precedent of greed and â€Å"survival of the fittest† in American society. One must also never forget the hundreds of thousands of forgotten men who toiled twelve hour workdays to enlarge a few men’s coffers. Much like the actions of the Spanish conquistadores, those of the wealthiest industrialists of the Gilded Age are mainly noted for their detrimental effects. However, this Black Legend of the late nineteenth century is not entirely accurate. It is true that greed and inequality loomed over them; however, they also developed the American supereconomy. For example, aided by the Bessemer process, Andrew Carnegie led a dramatic increase in steel production. In 1880, one million tons of steel were produced. By 1910, output reached 25 million tons, largely thanks to Carnegie’s innovative vertical integration (Zinn 254). Incredibly, before the 20th century, Carnegie Steel Company was producing more steel than all of Great Britain (Roark, Johnson, and Cohen 633). Rockefeller also utilized his unmatched executive skills to create a remarkably efficient business machine. For example, by applying thirty-nine drops of solder on cans of oil instead of forty, he saved $2,500 a year early in his career. In time, this tweak saved the Standard Oil Company hundreds of thousands of dollars, and Rockefeller constantly sought for such minute enhancements (Chernow 180-181). His genius can be seen in his jaw-dropping wealth; in 1902, his income was $58 million, over a billion dollars in 1996 dollars (Chernow 504). From 1865 to 1900, the American economy grew eightfold, and this was largely thanks to the talents of the industrialists who aided America in becoming the world superpower it is today (Watts). The 19th century industrialists also did not solely harm the common man. For example, Rockefeller’s monopolization of the oil industry ruined many common men, but it benefited even more by making kerosene widely available. This was because of Standard Oil’s foundational principle: â€Å"that the larger the volume the better the opportunities for the economies, and consequently the better the opportunities for giving the public a cheaper product without the dreadful competition† (Chernow 150). Rockefeller accomplished just this, as the price of refined oil was cut in half as a result of his enterprise. Because of Rockefeller, millions could light their homes for a penny an hour, a cost that would be much higher if not for Rockefeller’s dominance (Folsom 83). Perhaps the advances he gave to the common man outweighed his sins against the relatively few in the oil industry. Adhering to the doctrines of Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth, the wealthiest industrialists donated stupendous amounts of money to charitable causes. In 1911, the Carnegie Corporation was founded, a charitable enterprise with $125 million in starting capital founded by none other than Andrew Carnegie. To this day, it is one of the highest ranked charitable foundations with over $2 billion in assets for education, prevention of deadly conflict, and strengthening of human resources (Traub). As an extremely devout Christian, Rockefeller donated money from his very first paycheck, a fact that renders any extremely stingy and greedy portrayal of him false. â€Å"I have my earliest ledger and when I was only making a dollar a day I was giving five, ten, or twenty-five cents† he said. What distinguished Rockefeller from other great donors was his generous funding of medical research, an interest sparked by his father’s shady career. When asked about building medical facilities, Carnegie once said â€Å"That is Mr. Rockefeller’s specialty. Go see him†. In 1901, the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research was founded. Its work produced the first American Nobel Prize for medicine (Chernow 478-9). In 1910, Rockefeller fought hookworm on a global scale and within five years, it was nearly eradicated (Chernow 481). In donating to charitable causes, Rockefeller managed his charitable expenditures as he would with Standard Oil. By his death in 1936, he had given away $550 million, making him American society’s greatest philanthropist (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 576). One area that almost all of the late nineteenth century capitalists contributed to was education. Rockefeller himself supported UChicago, Huntington, two Negro colleges, and the famous Tuskegee Institute. Carnegie personally contributed $60 million to the construction of public libraries (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 576). Many others also contributed to America’s education. Cornell, Duke, Vanderbilt, and Stanford were all captains of industry. The colleges that they founded are among America’s top colleges to this day. Largely thanks to the donations of the industrialists, the illiteracy rate fell from 20 percent in 1870 to 11 percent in 1900.. It has been said that â€Å"a free government cannot function successfully if the people are shackled by ignorance† (Bailey, Kennedy, and Cohen 573). Thus, the donations of the wealthiest industrialists have had a profound effect on American society as young men and women in schools and libraries across the country to this day have been influenced by them. During the Gilded Age, the combination of laissez-faire economics, post-war sentiment, and technological innovation led to a spur of rapid change that forever altered the American landscape. The wealthiest industrialists of the time period became wealthy by taking advantage of its developments. In retrospect, late nineteenth century American society can largely be viewed as the results of the influences of the industrialists. The effects had no definitive net impact, but they did forever shape American society.

Social interaction and the development of infants

Social interaction and the development of infants In the first two years of an infants life, they undergo many changes that allow them to develop into a fully functioning human being. These developments are controlled by internal and external factors. Social interaction is an exceedingly influential external factor, which can help to form many aspects of development. For example, infants in the first two years of their lives are learning to differentiate between social stimuli, for example recognising mothers face and voice. This is mastered by the infant in a relatively small time scale after birth (Mills Melhuish, 1974). The child can then use this new learned ability to interact with its caregivers, even without understanding the social meaning of their actions, for example when a child smiles, the child is not aware of what a smile means in our society, but when the caregiver sees this sign of emotion, they cannot help but to smile back, and positively reinforces that learned action to the child. To see how important social int eraction is for the development of a child in the first two years of its life, it is important to observe key areas of behaviour such as attachment to others, the childs temperament and their language acquisition. One of the most researched areas of development in children is attachment and how we form them. Attachment, as defined by Ainsworth and Bell 1970, is an affectional tie that once person forms between himself and another specific one. This is the first strong social connection that infants have to another human being/s. Research by Shaffer and Emerson, conducted in 1964, and suggested that there are three stages in the development of primary attachments; the asocial stage, the stage of indiscriminate attachment and the stage of specific attachment. The asocial stage, which spans from birth to six weeks, is when the infant uses signals to interact with its environment, for example crying, babbling, and smiling and so forth, which is not aimed specifically to anyone. The second stage of indiscriminate attachment, the infant has learnt that if it cries it will receive attention, but is still not aimed at a particular individual and the child can be comforted by anyone. This stage lasts u ntil around seven months after birth. The last stage, specific attachment, can be observed between seven and eleven months, and is suggests that the infant will start to form specific attachments to caregivers, a bond is then made, and will no longer accept comfort from others. Bowlby (1988) described that the need for social attachment between the infant and its caregiver is because the infant needs to actively seek to attain or maintain proximity to another individual that is more attuned to their surroundings and can provide for the infants needs (attachment behaviour). There have been three key theories to try and explain why we form attachments, and if it is important for children to form social bonds in the early stages of life. The psychoanalytical theory proposes that feeding and the production of food is the main reason why we form attachments. Based on Freuds psychosexual stages, this theory focuses on the oral stage (the first of the stages), and suggests that the child gets pleasure from attaining food through sucking behaviour (Miller, 1993). Erikson in his stage theory (1950, 1968) states that the first year of life is where the infant establishes trust between themselves and a caregiver, who in return provides nutrition and comfort. Without this trust, the child does not know whether they will be provided with the vital source of support that the child needs to survive. There are two main learning theories, the first being the early learning theory. The psychoanalytical theory is closely linked to this theory, as they both suggest that being provided with food is the main reason why we attach. This theory revolves around the secondary drive hypothesis by Dollard and Miller (1950), which explains that infants attach to the mother to gain access to important things that are needed for survival, things that they cannot provide for themselves for example food and warmth, all of which soothe the childs cries. This social interaction between the mother and the child then allows for the infant to associate this with the caregiver, and the bond is strengthened. However, this hypothesis disagrees with research conducted by Shaffer and Emerson (1964), which found that the infant can become attached to more than one caregiver, who is not necessarily the sole provider to the physiological needs of the child. The second learning theory for attachment is the social learning theory devised by Hay and Vespo, (1988). The theory states that the child does not automatically become attached to the mother, or caregivers, but that the caregivers has to interact with the child and show them affection, for the child to feel a connection with them, from which they can then form a relationship together. Another theory of attachment is Ethological theory, which states that there is an evolutionary role in the reasoning of why we as humans attach. The theory suggests that mothers before birth are already biologically predisposed to become attached to their offspring, and therefore ensures that they survive, and the species can continue. Research to support this theory was mainly collected by Bowlby (1969, 1980), who suggests that attachment is monotropic; focused on only one caregiver, namely the mother. However, research by Ainsworth (1979) disagrees with Bowlbys theory of monotropy, and suggests that infants form more than one attachment to many different caregivers. This is supported by Shaffer and Emersons study, which displayed attachments to other close family members for example grandparents and fathers. It has also been found that siblings can also be important in contributing to the social development of infants (Adler, 1964). These three theories suggest that attachment between the infant and its caregiver is formed relatively easily, but comparatively, if a child has little to no access to social interaction in the first two years of their life, it can be particularly harmful to the childs development. This can be explained by the social stimulation hypothesis which can be observed in research collected in the 1940s, which showed the children growing up in institutions had a low staff to child ratio and so rarely had any interaction with a caregiver. Children were also segregated from each other, and so were cut off from all forms of social stimulation. At first the infants acted no different from those brought up in normal family homes where the children are given lots of attention and interaction, but after six months there was a noticeable difference; the childrens behaviour changes and the children were completely avoidant of any social activities (negative working model of the self) and see that the y are not getting noticed by others (negative working model of others), (Goldfarb, 1943). This research implies that children need constant social interaction to develop properly. Bowlby (1953), after studying institutional care after the Second World War, saw that the care that the children were receiving was more physical, and not for their emotional needs. He developed the maternal deprivation hypothesis; suggested that infants should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother. Conversely, infants in institutions in which there are a much higher staff to infant ratio generally interact normally with their caregivers and develop well throughout life and suffer fewer effects (Tizard and Rees, 1975). Language is another element of develop in the first two years that is strongly influenced by social interaction. There are three main theories that discuss what influences our language acquisition. The learning/empiricist perspective explains that children learn their language by listening to their parents speech and imitating it (Bandura, 1971) and by positive reinforcement when the infant says something grammatically correct (Skinner 1957). Research by Weisman and Snow (2001) found that if caregivers expose their children to more advanced words earlier on in life, then the childs language will be more developed than other children of the same age group. However, it has been argued that children cannot learn syntax this way, as seen by Baron (1992), when children are just learning new sentences; they create statements that adults do not say and therefore could not have imitated. Chomsky (1959, 1968) disagrees with the learning perspective and suggests a more biological/nativist approach and not a social implication. He suggests that language is too complicated for it to just be learned from caregivers, instead that children born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) in the brain which processes verbal input. Slobin (1985) thinks that we have an inborn language-making capacity (LMC) instead of an LAD. Both of these systems supposedly enable infants to combine vocabulary that has been collected in the brain, enables them to understand what it means, and then can use this knowledge to create sentences. Lenneberg (1967), combined the two theories of Chomsky and Slobin, and suggests the sensitive-period hypothesis, which states that the best time to learn a language is before adolescence; after this period has been reached language becomes very difficult to learn. For example, a case study of 14 year old Genie (Curtiss, 1977), who until this age was ke pt locked away with little to no social interaction, and was beaten by her father if she made any noise. When Genie was discovered, she had not had access to language and so could not speak. When she was taught language, she was able to conjure up sentences quite easily, however she was unable to acquire the rules of syntax, which young children learn early on in life without being taught to, supporting Baron (1992) theory. However, Moerk (1989) suggests that language development cannot be explained using LAD or LMC because the researchers themselves do not understand how they work, and how the information received in the brain is processed and understood. The interactionist perspective suggests that both empiricist (social) and nativists (biological) perspective both contribute to learning acquisition (Tomasello, 1995). A third factor for development that is influenced by social interaction in childhood is temperament. A definition of temperament as described by Hartup and Van Lieshout (1995) is a substrate for personality development, consisting of simple, basic styles that emerge early and that are tied closely to distinctive modes of emotional expression. Thomas and Chess (1977, 1989) reported three main type of temperamental styles; Easy infants; happy, easily comforted, Slow to warm up infants; fussy and are less adaptive, and Difficult infants; negative, extreme reactions for example long periods of continuous crying. Hartup and Van Lieshout (1995), suggests that temperament has social implications for the way in which an infant relates to other people for example difficult infants are more likely to develop behavioural problems as they get older. A way to try and combat this behaviour is for caregivers to provide more stimulating challenges for the child and try to promote the children to act in a more pro-active manner (Smith, Cowie and Blades, 1998). Thus suggesting that although temperament can continue throughout life, using social techniques can reduce aspects of temperamental behaviour as the child develops. In conclusion, attachment to caregivers, language acquisition and a childs temperament are all influenced by social interaction, and can be seen that the lack of it can lead to developmental abnormalities in children. For infants to develop healthily in the first two years of their life, it appears that they need high amounts of cognitive stimulation, feelings of security from those that care for them, and encouragement for behaviour, so that the child can positively attribute their actions and use these social cues, for example smiling and babbling, to develop all the key skills that they will need as they grow up.

Gwen Harwood Essay

Poetry creatively captures human experience, emotion and nature. Gwen Harwood employs a range of literary and poetic techniques such as imagery, religious allusions and personification to demonstrate the universality of concepts such as loss, death, memory and childhood. Through this, Harwood’s poetry to creates clear and strong perceptions of the continuity of experience and provide permanence to these transient elements of humanity. In ‘Triste, Triste’, Harwood explores the core themes of post coital sadness and the contradictory nature of the physical and spiritual realms that are created by the human body. These aspects all pertain to the human experience and growth of oneself. That is, the physicality of the skeleton, or frame, and the intellectual and creative importance of the brain as a muscle. The meaning of the word â€Å"Triste† is sad and mournful hence the repetition of this word in the title is indicative of Harwood’s reflection on the loss of inspiration. In the first stanza, a yearning and apparent need for ongoing physical passion in the continuous â€Å"space between love and sleep† presents the notion of sleep and its ironically nurturing qualities for the mind and the body despite the idleness of the body during this time of restoration. The phrase furthermore provokes the reader to reflect on such moments in their own life, and to reflect on â€Å"space† with renewed significance and how important it is for the brain and the self. Harwood describes this process as a â€Å"prison†, â€Å"eyes against shoulder keep their blood black curtains tight†¦ body rolls back like a stone.† Parallels are drawn between the ideal that the imagination is a separate entity and the separation between the physical skull and its place for the brain to reside, the brain resembles the imagination or factory of creativity. The poem makes specific and clear biblical references to the Resurrection through imagery furthermore providing to the creative self, as it is aligned with the Christ, walking â€Å"to Easter light†. The necessity of the escapism and discovery of spiritual intensity is strongly reinforced. In addition to the biblical references, divine imagery is implied through the ‘Angelic lightà ¢â‚¬â„¢. The continuing use of personification and imagery encourages the reader to value the indistinct moments of passionate afterglow as opportunity to liberate the imagination. Harwood creates distinctiveness between the divine light present in the second stanza along with the â€Å"darkness† of tangible â€Å"sleep and love† through her use of enjambment and repetition which draws attention to the ending of imaginative inspiration. In the last stanza, Harwood recombines the spirit with the corporal self which ultimately conveys the necessity of intimacy physically and the evanescence of imaginative passion. Additionally, the physical self along with the emotional self, are brought together as one entity which cannot exist without the other thus they possess equal importance and value, despite having separate functions. Throughout the poem Gwen Harwood reinforces the paradox that implies that extreme pleasure must coincide with extreme pain. In addition to her references to loss and sadness, Gwen Harwood amalgamates various elements of human experience through the reflection of memory as a primary theme. The importance of memory is expressed through harmonizing various layers of an individual’s life and their shared experiences to create a wholeness that reconciles one with the finality of death. This concept is expressed through common themes of childhood, friendship and loss allowing her ideas to rest strongly with the reader. ‘At Mornington’ is a reflection on mortality, and the value of memory in terms of appreciating life. The thematic concerns of loss and grief unravel through the first stanza. The persona describes her relationship with her father and establishes him as a protective figure through her pondering of childhood memories. This motif of water is representative of serenity, peace and reflection which is furthermore established through the personification of the â€Å"wave† which was â€Å"caught† and â€Å"rolled†. Harwood distinguishes the finality and formality of death, which is conveyed in the poem through the dull imagery, the durability of â€Å"marble and granite† gravestones with the fragility of memory, â€Å"fugitive as light† to convey the gravitational stance of human life as opposed to the perceptions of experience that we choose to retain in our memory. A connection is made between memory and loss as they are both products of the past and Harwood uses this to reflect on the significance of valuing the present. This is furthered through the â€Å"the wholeness of this day† shared between two friends. The poem is established through Harwood’s memory of her early childhood when she â€Å"leapt† from her father’s arms into the sea. She views her childish persistence, evidently through the repetition of â€Å"the next wave†. This concept is again reinforced through the blue brain referencing water and the sea with an underlying commentary on the qualities of water and childhood alike. This concept of childhood memory is later referenced in Harwood’s image of pumpkins â€Å"rising†¦in airy defiance of nature†, a metaphor for her constant trials against the inevitability of death and emergence in â€Å"the fastness of light†. The tone of the poem becomes reflective as the persona and her friend ‘stand in silence amongst the avenues of the dead’, which creates a need for solace and comfort. The silence of a dead human being is furthermore referenced through the image of the skull as it resembles the result of death. Reflection is regarded highly throughout ‘At Mornington’ hence the ongoing reference to silence is important as relfection requires silence and tranquillity. The innocent belief that defying gravity ‘was only a matter of balance’ is reflected in the persona’s present longing to transcend the gravity of death ‘in airy defiance of nature’. The idea of memory is furthered through the use of a dream whereby the persona begins to reconcile transient life with death. The raw and accentuated emotion of the poem turns sober reflection where the persona ‘thinks of death no more’ but is able to confront death through the experience of ‘dreams, pain, memories, love and grief’. From dwelling on mortality emerges a serenity and acceptance inspired by unifying the inescapability of death with an acceptance of human nature and an appreciation of memory and friendship. Likewise, in her poem â€Å"The Violets†, Harwood blends the emotion of grief with a reflection on memory in order to achieve a state of reconciliation. The first stanza depicts a â€Å"melancholy† setting where â€Å"frail† violets excite the persona’s recollection of a poignant childhood experience. Harwood’s adult grief is mirrored by her juvenile outrage at the time which had been â€Å"stolen† from her, and like death, the loss of time is irreplaceable. However the child is ultimately â€Å"reconciled† by the â€Å"sweetness† of the persona’s parents, depicted through Harwood’s use of domestic, homely imagery of the â€Å"long hair† and â€Å"wood stove†. There is a conviction in â€Å"years cannot move† that conveys a sudden awareness that memory’s â€Å"lamplit presences† can in times of despair, be as real to individuals as the present, and so a source of solace. The idea of there being consolation in loss is one that will resonate with readers searching for relief, and the lingering â€Å"scent of violets† shows the longevity of memory and conveys it as eternal, continuing the presence of those physically lost. Gwen Harwood explores and delves into the themes of time, death, childhood and loss which are all intrinsic to human experience. She effectively employs a range of poetic and literary techniques to explore transience, finality and the imperative role of memory.

Lafayette and the American Revolution Essay

â€Å"He devoted himself, his life, his fortune, his hereditary honors,halls towering ambition. His splendid hopes, all to the cause of liberty. † Quince Adams once said about the Marquis De Lafayette. America would not have won the war without the help of Lafayette because he was an advisor and confidant to George Washington, he was a general that successfully led the soldiers, and he helped end the war and sign the treaty. The Marquis De Lafayette assisted George Washington throughout the Revolutionary War. When Lafayette first came to America, Washington was expecting IM to be a loud mouthed teenager. Surprisingly, the complete opposite of what Washington expected. Five days after Lafayette arrived, he got the chance to have dinner with George Washington. Almost instantly, they became friends, and from that point on, their friendship grew quickly. This friendship was much different than Washington many other relationships. In fact, people questioned how Lafayette got so close to Washington and how he got Washington to trust and rely on him In such a crucial time period to America. Some of Lafayette biographers have come up with a hurry that Washington saw Lafayette as the son he never had, and Lafayette found In Washington his long-lost father. Lafayette helped him even when It came to Just boosting up his confidence. He once said, â€Å"In my idea George Washington is the greatest man; for I look upon him as the most virtuous. † They also functioned well together; they would plan attacks together and give each other feedback on what could be improved. One of George Washington’s generals, George Than Bilabials explained, â€Å"Lafayette avoided the factions Jealous of Washington because he agonized that Washington was the Revolution and that should be reduced In power or replaced, the whole cause would collapse. † Lafayette saw this and immediately respected Washington for it. Due to Lafayette relationship with George Washington, he was able to become a commander with the help of of his new friend and general. Lafayette had never been in combat until he came to America; Just three months after his arrival, he had his first battle. He stood strong for a nineteen year old on his first mission towards the freedom of America at the Battle of Brandywine. His leg was wounded, but he did not seek any medical treatment until after an orderly retreat was organized. His bravery and actions In this battle led him to become a major general over Adam Stephens division. He was part of many successful battles and led his troops well. In Virginia, in the year of 1781 , Lafayette conducted hit-and-run guerrilla operations against forces and shadowed the army of Cornwallis. Later, Washington sent Lafayette and 2,000 troops just outside Philadelphia to be clear about the British intentions. The British mound this out and sent 5,000 troops to capture General Lafayette. Luckily he was very good at keeping his troops In line which let him hastily and skillfully extract his command to Washington. He did not just fight in battles, but Lafayette and Nathaniel Greene also went to Rhode Island to aid the colonists and expel the British from the colony. Not only did he come to fight, but he helped with funding. Lafayette served with no pay, and actually paid the equivalent of more than $200,000 of his own money for the salaries, uniforms, and other expenses for his staff and Junior officers. Along with helping in the war, Lafayette helped end it and sign the treaty. This was major thing he assisted with. If he wasn’t there they would not have won the last battle in Yorktown. He was able to get there earlier than the rest of the American force, so he spied on Britain and figure out some of their plans. Once Washington and everyone else got there, he helped set up plans that led to an unbelievable battle that led the Americans to victory. He said, â€Å"Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country. † Lafayette had learned to love America and was happy hey had finally got the chance to have their own country in the end. The King and his father-in-law were against him helping and would not help him get there, so he acquired his own ship to travel to America. He was very grateful he went through all the trouble of helping this new country. When he traveled back to France, he helped convince the king in 1779, to send the French fleet north from the Caribbean to fight the British, as well as send more troops other places. By getting the French to Join, they were able to get so far into the war because France had the troops and money hey needed. This led up to them winning so many battles and soon the war. Lafayette got his friend Evergreens, from France, to help with the ending of the conflict between the two rivaling countries. America needed a loan and Lafayette convinced Evergreens to grant it to them. This got them the money for the treaty with Britain. Washington reported these efforts to Congress, saying, â€Å"During the time he has been in France he was uniformly manifested the same zeal in our affairs which animated his conduct while he was among U. S. , and has been, upon all occasions, an essential friend to America. † If Lafayette had not helped America in this heroic battle, we would not have won the American Revolution. He was a confidant to George Washington in all his complications. Though he had not been in any sort of combat until he came to help in the Revolutionary War, but yet he was able to learn profoundly fast and be a great general and leader to his troops that he managed. John Quince Adams addressed to the U. S. Congress, â€Å"He came to another hemisphere to defend her. He became one of the most effective champions of our independence. â€Å"

Code switching and millennial generation

Code switching and millennial generation Introduction The millennial generation is extensively influenced by technology. This generation has had access to mobile phones, digital equipments and the internet. The Millennials prefer text messaging, IMing, and social networking sites rather than conventional forms of communication such as phone conversations (Godwin-Jones 13).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Code switching and millennial generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, technologically-inflected version of English has evolved. There has been fear that the technologically-inflected version of English is having effects on standard written English. Although the Millennial generation has learnt to code switch between the two versions of English depending on audience, it is unquestionable that technologically- inflected version of English is affecting standard written English. Discussion Code switching is a common practice in the mu ltilingual world. Individuals have to switch from one language to another in order to communicate effectively. In most cases code switching is common in minority linguistic groups while in a dominant language (Auer 78). The practice is also common in bilingual or multilingual individuals. Individuals who code switch tend to choose the language to use automatically depending on their audience. Technology has led to unmistakable two versions of English. The millennial generation’s version of English does not adhere to standard words and rules in Standard English. Words such as ‘wassup’ ‘gd ngt’ ‘gr8’ ‘luv u’ have evolved because of need to write shorten words and phrases when text-messaging and IMing. The millennial generation has perfected in use of the technologically-inflected version of English considering that they have been brought up during the era of technology (Godwin-Jones 19). However, the Millennials have to commun icate with other individual in the society. In school, they have to communicate with their educators, write academic essays and make presentations. In such situations, they have to use Standard English rather than the technologically-inflected version of English. Code switching between technologically-inflected version of English and Standard English has become necessary for millennial generation. At school, students use technologically- inflected version of English when communicating with their peers on social issues. For example, students are unlikely to use Standard Written English when updating their status on social networking sites like Facebook, when text-messaging their peers or when using Instant Message applications. However, they switch to Standard English when writing to their instructors on academic issues, when writing academic papers or when writing a formal letter. It is clear that the students choose the version of English to use depending on their audience and subj ect. For instance, students are likely to use Standard Written English when responding to discussion topics on academic discussion boards, but use technologically-inflected version of English in a sports blog.Advertising Looking for research paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Use of technologically-inflected version of English has effect on standard written English despite of code switching between the two. Text messaging, blogging, IMing, social networking sites and other modern forms communication have become common and frequent (Godwin-Jones 17). The language used in the new forms of communication is likely to find its way to Standard Written English. For example, frequent use of abbreviations such as HR, HRD, HOD, and ALT in Standard English can be attributed to frequent use of technologically-inflected version of English. Summary Among other reasons, code switching is motivated by the need to show social solidarity among members of the millennial generation. Technologically-inflected version of English is not just a communication tool but also a social identity for the millennial generation. In school, the main challenge for English trainers is how they take code- switching as a tool for communication rather than viewing it as threat to Standard English. Auer, Peter. Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. New York: Routledge, 2002. Godwin-Jones, Robert. Emerging Technologies: Messaging, Gaming, Peer-to-Peer Sharing Language Learning Strategies Tools for the Millennial Generation. Language, Learning Technology 9.1 (2005): 17-22.

Case Study Reviews

Case Study Reviews Free Online Research Papers This paper will consist of three different case studies. Case study 1: Florida Company Fastens Its Sights on Global Growth will take you into the medical world of business. In this case study I will discuss the company’s employee selection in the hiring process, decide what strategies would keep the organization from downsizing, and evaluate the role that HR plays when maintaining healthy relationships. In Case study 2: Nike: Hiring Gets Off On The Right Foot, I will take you into the retail world of athletic shoes. I will discuss the five steps involved in the hiring process for Nike, explain how Nike followed good HRM practices in the recruitment and hiring of employees, explain the purpose and value of testing potential candidates, and summarize if the hiring practices of Nike violate any EEO laws or industry standard employment practices. Case Study 3: Pay Decisions At Performance Sports brings you into the equipment manufacturer environment. Here, I will examine factors to consider regarding different methods of structuring wages and compensations, analyze the rewards of a pay-for-performance compensation package for the new purchasing agent position versus a traditional hourly wage, examine issues regarding equal pay and discuss the personal benefits and steps involved in a high performance work system. I will then give a conclusion for all three case studies and provide you with a reference page to get more information. Case Study 1 Robert Kilbey founded Professional Products Inc. in the early 1960s. Since founding Professional Products his son, Bryan Kilbey is expanding the company internationally. The expansion will include a new 100,000 sq. ft. building, and a new sales office for the European market. This job requires highly skilled workers so they will cross-train employees for other jobs if some of their jobs move to Mexico or other countries. They will benefit from keeping a level head when determining if they need more employees for this expansion. The company also wants to be able to fill orders in 4  ½ hours from order to shipping. They will master this by having new technology to use as streamline production. They have an upper hand because they make their own elastic, thread, and rubber. To avoid downsizing, the company plans to work shorter weeks if need be. They have never laid off employees which say a lot considering that the company doesn’t have much inventory. The reason for this is be cause doctors request specific equipment that they would like to work in a certain way. There are major costs that go into downsizing, like severance and rehiring costs, pension and benefits payout, etc. This may be the reason Professional Products don’t plan to downsize. When planning to go international, there are more costs involved that require great attention. The main focus will be on the research, strategies, and planning so that Professional Products achieves their goals. Professional Products faces economic, political, and cultural factors when doing business internationally. They need to consider their cost before acting on their plan. They also need to consider the beliefs and practices of other countries concerning expatriates. Some countries believe that you shouldn’t work on Sunday, or have a certain dress code that you have to adhere to. There is also a language barrier that needs to be accustomed to. Training is the main factor in working internationall y, because you have to be willing to train employees of other countries and train expatriates to be bilingual. When changes come up, HR managers play a major role in maintaining healthy relationships with employees. HR managers need to be able to communicate effectively and be ready to provide a calm atmosphere for employees. The issues companies face are influenced by how they organize their international operations. They also need to be able to negotiate and work with employees when changes have to be made. Healthy company relationships will help companies achieve their goals faster and help them avoid losses in the company. Case Study 2 Nike is the world’s largest shoe manufacturer which uses computer assisted interviewing. Nike utilizes structured and unstructured interviews. I believe this is what gives them an edge on hiring the best suitable candidate for the job. These interviews have their advantages and disadvantages. Nike uses a situational interview which helps them to see how applicants handle situations that may arrive on the job and non-directive interviews to get to meet the person behind the application and get a feel of the applicant. In the hiring process, Nike first has applicants to answer eight questions over the telephone. They weed out applicants who are not available or lack retail experience. After the telephone interview, the company provides potential candidates with a computer assisted interview which is done in batches. The importance of this interview is to identify candidates who have the experience needed for the job and show their love for sports. The computer assisted interview includes a video that shows three scenarios for helping a customer; the applicant must choose the best one. The interview is given every forty-five minutes to a group of applicants. The results from this interview are printed out so that interviewers can prepare for the face-to-face interview. Nike provides applicants with behavioral based interviews to see how they will react to certain situations. This shows the interviewer what type of person will be working for them. They don’t want a person that is a hot-head or causes problems which take away from production. The results can also hinder an applicant from getting a position for this company. After the computer assisted interview, applicants must fill out an application form online. Some applicants are given a short interview, while others are given a longer interview. In which, some applicants are hired the same day, where as others have to come back for a second interview. This is because the results of the computer a ssisted interview shows areas that need further evaluation and areas that indicate strengths. These practices raise a red flag when dealing with EEO. Some may say that these practices are unfair and unethical, but Nike has managed to save $2.4 million during a three year period by reducing their turnover drastically. They have benefited from these interviews by staffing up fast. The EEO ensures that work environments are free from unlawful discrimination and harassment. It provides employees with equal opportunities for jobs, training, and development. Nike, I feel, has been violating this law. They discriminate on applicants by showing favoritism and some form of discrimination. All of their applicants aren’t treated the same. My question is â€Å"Why do some get hired the same day while others have to have a second interview? They don’t even give you a chance to work for their company if you don’t have experience, which means that the opportunity is not equal . Some may argue that they are not in violation with EEO laws because they are not discriminating on race, gender, or personal liking and dislikes. This is true, but is it fair to hire only people that fit specific criteria? Nike hired a solutions provider to respond and track applicants. Each potential applicant is responded to with a letter. All applicants are responded to in a timely manner via email. This really helps Nike to stand out and shows good HRM practices. Case Study 3 Performance Sports began February, 1998. Their marketing plan insisted fast delivery, problem-free customer service, and major discount pricing. The company’s eight customer service reps earn between $9.75 and $11.25 per hour. Their four shipping and receiving associates earn between $7.50 and $8.50 per hour. The company’s two clerical employees each earn $7.75 per hour. The assistant manager is paid $13.10 per hour and the general manager is paid $14.25 per hour. Performance Sports employs 16 people. If you take a close look at the wages for their employees you would probably be able to point out a company that does the same job with employees that make more money. The reason Performance Sports employees make these wages are because they are hourly-based as opposed to pay-for-performance. Two of the company’s CSR feel they aren’t making enough for the job that they do. They both bring in large amounts of sales revenue for the company and are not pleased w ith their wages. So, Perkins is looking into this matter and making it first priority. She is now moving toward expanding the mail-order catalog to include a complete line of tennis equipment. This will help her to better compete and bring in more sales revenue. Perkins is also looking to hire a purchasing agent to handle the complex duties of purchasing golf equipment. She wants a person that has five to eight years experience in purchasing sports equipment. The only problem she faces with this is that she does not know how much to pay this particular person in this position. She has to be sufficient in her pay structure so that it is fair and consistent. The company has to be intact with its competition package, so she needs to really look into pay-for-performance. Pay-for-performance is a program that offers rewards for meeting certain criteria and production levels. Many companies are now turning toward this program to motivate their employees to meet demands and goals of the c ompany. In this type of program, employees pay is increased when a certain department or group meets the standards or level of production. This program encourages employees to work toward excellence and strive to meet goals. This program also helps employees to maintain a safe working environment and avoid mistakes like high volumes of scrap. Employees’ benefit the company by being team players, which helps the company, be on the same page. The pay increases are given out certain times of the year, so managers can better maintain their budgets. If the criteria are not met, the money goes back into the budget for the next pay increase. Hourly wages are set and raises are given when managers feel like giving them. You may start a job with minimum wage and have to wait 90 days before you see a raise. This really discourages employees because job requirements are constantly changing and the wage remains the same. Some hourly employees are not properly paid for the job that they do but the company reaps the benefits of the well-done job. When you have unhappy employees it will affect the performance of their work and eventually you take the risk of losses. You may lose money in the company or the reliable employee to your competition. There are internal and external factors that influence pay. They are the competition, work conditions, potential growth for the employee, and employee treatment. If the pay is right, the company would not have to worry about losing reliable, hardworking employees to their competition. The personal benefits in a high performance work system are that it increases the value by developing strategies to keep down costs, improve efficiency and provide more intriguing products for customers. High performance work systems bring employees talents together and utilize them in new projects with flexibility. It is less likely to be copied by competition, and gives you more flexibility and ease. The key component in organizing a high perfo rmance work system is communication. You have to be able to communicate with employees in order to become a group that is working toward the same goals. Everyone needs to be on the same page, in order to successfully complete the high performance work system. This can be a very difficult task when your employees feel like they are being underpaid and used up. Conclusion These case studies show different aspects of Human Resource Management and the importance of how to effectively strategize and plan goals for an organization. They also show the problems that can be faced and how to move forward in successfully bringing your company out of hardships. It is very important that you are on the same page as your employees so that the organization can grow. You have to be able to think clearly and adapt to change. The economy is constantly changing everyday so you want to be equipped and ready for anything that comes in your way. You have to keep your mind focused on bettering the organization as a whole. Human resource managers are responsible for their employees and for the organization. If you can’t run your organization properly, it will fail to your competition. Think about ways that you can bring about change and you may better yourself ethically in the process. References Bohlander, G., Snell, S. (2007). Managing Human Resources (14th ed.). Manson, OH: South-Western Fraser, M. (excerpt)â€Å"Defuniak Springs Company Fastens Its Sight on Growth† Northwest Florida(Fort Walton Beach) Daily News(via Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News), March 7, 2005 Research Papers on Case Study ReviewsTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesLifes What IfsThe Project Managment Office System

Behaviorism and Learning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behaviorism and Learning - Term Paper Example Generally, it has been observed that behaviors are derived from perceptions. Most of the practitioners have supported this statement through one way or other. This paper briefly discusses the experiments of renowned theorist in the field of psychology. It is believed that at the time of birth, human mind is tabula rasa which means a blank slate. As the mind starts to grow up and gathers information from the outside world (unconditioned stimuli), the behavior of the child starts to shape (conditioned response). By considering the consequences of the experiments discussed in this paper, it can be stated that behaviors are derived from perception and therefore, it can be stated that unconditioned stimuli leads to conditioned response. Summarize behaviorism and how it has affected the understanding of learning. Be sure to include the following information: Introduction The fundamental principle upon which behaviorism operates is ‘stimulus-response’. Its basic concept states that all behaviors are caused primarily by external stimuli. Behaviorism assumes that a learner is, in essence, a passive subject which responds to external stimuli. Under the theory of behaviorism, it is believed that at birth, human mind is tabula rasa which means a clean slate and behavior is shaped as soon as the mind starts to conceive external information and stimuli.... Out of all those, some major contributors of behaviorism are: Pavlov (1897) - In order to investigate the behaviorism theory, Pavlov conducted a research studying digestion in dogs. Watson (1913) – Watson published an article naming â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It† and initiated a behavioral school of psychology. Watson and Rayner (1920) – programmed an orphan called Little Albert aka Albert B in order to scare the white rat. Thorndike (1905) – formulated the â€Å"Law of Effect† Skinner (1936) – Skinner was the first one who introduced the concepts of shaping and conditioning. Skinner wrote â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. Clark Hull’s (1943) – published â€Å"Principles of Behavior†. B.F. Skinner (1948) – formalized Walden Two in which he explained the foundation of utopian society upon behaviorist principles. Bandura (1963) – combines the concepts of behavioral and cognitive framework in his book called as â€Å"Social Learning Theory and Personality Development†. B.F Skinner (1971) – argues upon the concept that ‘free will is an illusion’ in his book named as â€Å"Beyond Freedom and Dignity† (McLeod, 2007). Main Components of Behaviorism Theory The two major components of Behaviorism Theory are: i. Classic Conditioning Classical conditioning is the fundamental response to stimuli. It is that conditioning in which a programmed or conditioned stimuli is paired with unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus becomes sufficient enough to educe the response ii. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning has the basic notion of responding to the results of our actions. Operant conditioning is that component of the theory in which behavior is strengthened when reinforcement is

Coping with Change at the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coping with Change at the Workplace - Essay Example Some of the different kinds of changes that characterize most professional organizations are changes in systems, processes, and people. Resistance is a natural by-product of change and it is important to understand the various causes of resistance so as to be able to cope with it and overcome it effectively. The actual process of managing change can be divided into three phases: unfreezing change, and refreezing. First, one needs to accept the need for change and also have a desire to bring about the change. In the second phase, the actual implementation of the change can take place. In the final phase, review and reinforcement of the change takes place.Any business is characterized by change. In the course of a professional career, an individual is likely to encounter change very often. In some instances, individuals may also be called upon to predict the occurrence of change and initiate steps to deal with it. Individuals who are change-oriented are likely to gain professional succ ess and a competitive edge over their competitors. Thus a person's success at the workplace is often tied to his or her readiness to act as an agent of change.This report begins by detailing out the various kinds of change that an individual is likely to face in an organization. Resistance is an inevitable aspect of change and therefore the next section of the report highlights the reasons behind resistance to change and the steps that can be taken to overcome it. Having detailed out the types of change and the barriers to change, the next section of the report logically deals with out how change can be dealt with systematically and effectively. Understanding the Kinds of Change Change in any organization is generally triggered by certain key business drivers. So, to start with, it is important to understand the different kinds of change that one is likely to face in an organization. Some of the kinds of changes that an individual is likely to encounter are: Changes in systems Changes in processes Changes in people These different kinds of change have been detailed out below along with examples of each kind. Change in systems: This kind of change generally signals a modification in technology or products. It includes "enhancements to an existing product or the development of completely new systems" (Bal 115). A change in systems is generally made in an attempt to ensure that the "right kind of technology, systems, and machinery are in place to meet the needs of customers" (Ibid). Change in processes: This kind of change entails the way in which an organization operates to meet the needs of its customers. Here the various processes involved in getting products or services to customers are critically examined and changes are initiated to add value to every step of the process. Internal processes are aligned with the needs of customers so that there is a dramatic improvement in the overall efficiency of the organization. Process changes include both people and technology so that products are delivered more effectively and efficiently to customers. Change in people: Change in people can refer to any number of things. It may refer to a change in the management of a company as may happen in the case of mergers and acquisitions. It can also refer to providing "technical training to ensure changes in systems can be managed by operators" (Bal 115). People are the driving forces that dictate the success of an organization. While systems and processes may provide "incremental change" (Bal 116), a motivated and efficient workforce can bring about "sustained improvement" (Ibid). While processes and technologies may become obsolete after a period of